Abstract
Nanoenabled nitrogen (N) fertilizers are being explored to improve nitrogen use efficiency and reduce conventional N inputs in rice production. Their nanoscale size enables a steady nitrate supply during critical reproductive stages, supporting sustained N assimilation via nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase rather than short‐term N surges typical of bulk urea. Most studies to date remain confined to a single soil type. This first field trial in Indonesia showed that nano‐N performance and the optimal application rate vary across soil types while maintaining rice yield and N uptake. The study aimed to evaluate the agronomic effectiveness of nano‐N applied in combination with urea doses in two contrasting paddy soil types, Vertic Epiaquepts and Typic Epiaquepts, arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments consisted of urea applied at 100%, 75%, and 50% of the recommended rate (225 kg ha −1 ), combined with nano‐N doses of 0–4 mL L −1 . The results showed that rice chlorophyll responses to foliar nano‐N were driven mainly by soil type rather than fertilizer form. Higher chlorophyll contents in Vertic Epiaquepts reflected greater N availability compared with Typic Epiaquepts. Rice growth and yield were controlled by N availability rather than nano‐N rate. Supplementation with 1 mL L −1 nano‐N maintained yield (6.18–6.54 t ha −1 ) while reducing urea inputs by 25%–50%, particularly in Vertic Epiaquepts. Rice yield showed a quadratic relationship with leaf chlorophyll content, indicating that nano‐N improved the effectiveness of fertilizer N applied while maintaining comparable yield. The effectiveness of nano‐N was strongly soil‐dependent. Nano‐N improved relative agronomic effectiveness (113%–124%), maintained yield and N uptake in Vertic Epiaquepts, even with 25%–50% reduced urea rates, but provided little benefit in Typic Epiaquepts. These results highlight the need for soil‐specific nano‐N strategies to maintain rice productivity and enhance the agronomic efficiency of N.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Rice chlorophyll response to foliar nano-N depended mainly on soil type.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- foliar nano‐Ne0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll responsese0
- Comparator
- soil type rather than fertilizer forme0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice chlorophyll responses to foliar nano‐N were driven mainly by soil type rather than fertilizer form”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice chlorophyll content was higher in Vertic Epiaquepts than Typic Epiaquepts.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contentse0
- Direction
- Highere0
- Comparator
- Typic Epiaqueptse0
- Setting
- Vertic Epiaqueptse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher chlorophyll contents in Vertic Epiaquepts reflected greater N availability compared with Typic Epiaquepts”
e1“Rice growth and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice growth was governed by N availability rather than nano-N rate.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Comparator
- N availability rather than nano‐N ratee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice growth and yield were controlled by N availability rather than nano‐N rate.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield was governed by N availability rather than nano-N rate.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Comparator
- N availability rather than nano‐N ratee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice growth and yield were controlled by N availability rather than nano‐N rate.”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding 1 mL L−1 nano-N maintained rice yield at 6.18–6.54 t ha−1 while reducing urea by 25%–50%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 1 mL L −1 nano‐Ne0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- maintainede0
- Value
- 6.18–6.54 t ha −1e0
- Qualifier
- reducing urea inputs by 25%–50%e0
- Setting
- Vertic Epiaqueptse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Supplementation with 1 mL L −1 nano‐N maintained yield (6.18–6.54 t ha −1 ) while reducing urea inputs by 25%–50%, particularly in Vertic Epiaquepts.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield had a quadratic relationship with leaf chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Comparator
- chlorophyll contente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice yield showed a quadratic relationship with leaf chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-N improved relative agronomic effectiveness by 113%–124%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Nano‐Ne0
- Outcome
- relative agronomic effectivenesse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 113%–124%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nano‐N improved relative agronomic effectiveness (113%–124%)”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-N maintained rice N uptake in Vertic Epiaquepts with 25%–50% less urea.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Nano‐Ne1
- Outcome
- N uptakee0
- Direction
- maintainede0
- Qualifier
- 25%–50% reduced urea ratese0
- Setting
- Vertic Epiaqueptse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maintained yield and N uptake in Vertic Epiaquepts, even with 25%–50% reduced urea rates”
e1“Nano‐N improved relative agronomic effectiveness”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-N provided little benefit in Typic Epiaquepts.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Nano‐Ne1
- Outcome
- little benefite0
- Setting
- Typic Epiaqueptse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“provided little benefit in Typic Epiaquepts”
e1“Nano‐N improved relative agronomic effectiveness”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommended soil-specific nano-N strategies to sustain rice productivity and improve N efficiency.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- soil‐specific nano‐N strategies to maintain rice productivity and enhance the agronomic efficiency of Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“need for soil‐specific nano‐N strategies to maintain rice productivity and enhance the agronomic efficiency of N”
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