Abstract
Background: Green gram (Vigna radiata L.), locally called moong, is a high-protein pulse crop that improves soil fertility through nitrogen fixation and serves as food, cattle feed, and green manure. Its growth and yield are strongly influenced by weather, sowing time, and variety, with optimal planting enhancing productivity and resource-use efficiency. Aim: To assess the impact of the thermal indices, phenological development, and canopy temperature depression (CTD) under different sowing windows and varieties to optimize sowing strategies for enhanced crop resilience and yield stability in green gram. Study Design: Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD). Place and Duration of Study: AICRP on Agrometeorology farm, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, during the 2023-24 kharif season. Methodology: Nine treatments including three sowing windows, viz., D1- 28th MW (10th July), D2- 29th MW (17th July) and D3- 30th MW (24th July) as main plots, and three varieties, viz., V1- PKV Green Gold, V2- PKV AKM-4 and V3- Utkarsha as sub-plots replicated thrice. Results: Crops sown in the 28th MW (1108 °C day) window accumulated the highest GDD, which decreased by 7.5% in 29th MW, and 10.5% in 30th MW. Similarly, the highest PTU were observed in 28th MW (14993 °C day hrs), followed by 29th and 30th MW with a decrease of 7.5% and 10.7%, respectively. These trend was continued for TUE with the maximum achieved under 28th MW (2.5 kg ha-1°C-1 day-1), succeeded by 29th and 30th MW with a decline of 8.4% and 16.0%, respectively. On the other hand, late sowing (30th MW) achieved the highest HTU (3932 °C day hrs), followed by 28th and 29th MW with a reduction of 4.3% and 9.4%, respectively. Maximum CTD was found in 28th MW (1.23 °C), which reduced with delayed sowing in 29th (40.7%) and 30th MW (42.3%). Among the varieties, PKV Green Gold exhibited the highest GDD, PTU, HTU, and CTD, ensued by PKV AKM-4 while Utkarsha recorded the lowest. Soil moisture content was the highest in 28th MW sowing, except at the pod initiation stage. Correlation analysis revealed that the optimal crop development was influenced by certain weather conditions, such as cooler temperatures that favoured emergence and maturity, while higher minimum temperatures supported flowering. Conclusion: Sowing in 28th MW optimized thermal indices and yield efficiency, while delayed sowing (29th and 30th MW) showed reduction, as late sowing lead to the forced maturity of crop. PKV Green Gold exhibited the highest GDD, PTU, and CTD, whereas PKV AKM-4 demonstrated the better efficiency to utilize available thermal units. This study will prove an important step towards deciding appropriate sowing time for maximizing growth and yield of crop under varying weather conditions.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Green gram sown in the 28th MW accumulated the highest GDD (1108 °C day).
- Taxon
- green gram
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiata var. radiatat0 - Treatment
- Crops sown in the 28th MWe1
- Outcome
- GDDe1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 1108 °C daye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Green Gram”
e1“Crops sown in the 28th MW (1108 °C day) window accumulated the highest GDD”
Claim · model-written summary
GDD decreased by 7.5% with sowing in the 29th MW relative to the 28th MW.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- 29th MWe1
- Outcome
- GDDe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 7.5%e1
- Comparator
- 28th MWe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Green Gram”
e1“Crops sown in the 28th MW (1108 °C day) window accumulated the highest GDD, which decreased by 7.5% in 29th MW”
Claim · model-written summary
GDD decreased by 10.5% with sowing in the 30th MW relative to the 28th MW.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- 30th MWe1
- Outcome
- GDDe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 10.5%e1
- Comparator
- 28th MWe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Green Gram”
e1“Crops sown in the 28th MW (1108 °C day) window accumulated the highest GDD, which decreased by 7.5% in 29th MW, and 10.5% in 30th MW”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest PTU occurred with sowing in the 28th MW (14993 °C day hrs).
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- 28th MWe1
- Outcome
- PTUe1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 14993 °C day hrse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Green Gram”
e1“the highest PTU were observed in 28th MW (14993 °C day hrs)”
Claim · model-written summary
PTU decreased by 7.5% with sowing in the 29th MW relative to the 28th MW.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- 29the1
- Outcome
- PTUe1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 7.5%e1
- Comparator
- 28th MWe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Green Gram”
e1“the highest PTU were observed in 28th MW (14993 °C day hrs), followed by 29th and 30th MW with a decrease of 7.5% and 10.7%”
Claim · model-written summary
PTU decreased by 10.7% with sowing in the 30th MW relative to the 28th MW.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- 30th MWe1
- Outcome
- PTUe1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 10.7%e1
- Comparator
- 28th MWe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Green Gram”
e1“the highest PTU were observed in 28th MW (14993 °C day hrs), followed by 29th and 30th MW with a decrease of 7.5% and 10.7%”
Claim · model-written summary
TUE was maximum under the 28th MW sowing (2.5 kg ha-1°C-1 day-1).
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- 28th MWe1
- Outcome
- TUEe1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 2.5 kg ha-1°C-1 day-1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Green Gram”
e1“TUE with the maximum achieved under 28th MW (2.5 kg ha-1°C-1 day-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
TUE declined by 8.4% with sowing in the 29th MW relative to the 28th MW.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- 29the1
- Outcome
- TUEe1
- Direction
- declinee1
- Value
- 8.4%e1
- Comparator
- 28th MWe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Green Gram”
e1“TUE with the maximum achieved under 28th MW (2.5 kg ha-1°C-1 day-1), succeeded by 29th and 30th MW with a decline of 8.4% and 16.0%”
Claim · model-written summary
TUE declined by 16.0% with sowing in the 30th MW relative to the 28th MW.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- 30th MWe1
- Outcome
- TUEe1
- Direction
- declinee1
- Value
- 16.0%e1
- Comparator
- 28th MWe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Green Gram”
e1“TUE with the maximum achieved under 28th MW (2.5 kg ha-1°C-1 day-1), succeeded by 29th and 30th MW with a decline of 8.4% and 16.0%”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing (30th MW) achieved the highest HTU (3932 °C day hrs).
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- late sowing (30th MW)e1
- Outcome
- HTUe1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 3932 °C day hrse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Green Gram”
e1“late sowing (30th MW) achieved the highest HTU (3932 °C day hrs)”
Claim · model-written summary
HTU was reduced by 4.3% with sowing in the 28th MW relative to the 30th MW.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- 28the1
- Outcome
- HTUe1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Value
- 4.3%e1
- Comparator
- 30th MWe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Green Gram”
e1“late sowing (30th MW) achieved the highest HTU (3932 °C day hrs), followed by 28th and 29th MW with a reduction of 4.3% and 9.4%”
Claim · model-written summary
HTU was reduced by 9.4% with sowing in the 29th MW relative to the 30th MW.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- 29th MWe1
- Outcome
- HTUe1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Value
- 9.4%e1
- Comparator
- 30th MWe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Green Gram”
e1“late sowing (30th MW) achieved the highest HTU (3932 °C day hrs), followed by 28th and 29th MW with a reduction of 4.3% and 9.4%”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum CTD (1.23 °C) was found with sowing in the 28th MW.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- 28th MWe1
- Outcome
- CTDe1
- Direction
- Maximume1
- Value
- 1.23 °Ce1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Green Gram”
e1“Maximum CTD was found in 28th MW (1.23 °C)”
Claim · model-written summary
CTD was reduced by 40.7% with delayed sowing in the 29th MW relative to the 28th MW.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- delayed sowing in 29the1
- Outcome
- CTDe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 40.7%e1
- Comparator
- 28th MWe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Green Gram”
e1“Maximum CTD was found in 28th MW (1.23 °C), which reduced with delayed sowing in 29th (40.7%)”
Claim · model-written summary
CTD was reduced by 42.3% with delayed sowing in the 30th MW relative to the 28th MW.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- 30th MWe1
- Outcome
- CTDe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 42.3%e1
- Comparator
- 28th MWe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Green Gram”
e1“Maximum CTD was found in 28th MW (1.23 °C), which reduced with delayed sowing in 29th (40.7%) and 30th MW (42.3%)”
Claim · model-written summary
PKV Green Gold exhibited the highest GDD, PTU, HTU and CTD, followed by PKV AKM-4, while Utkarsha recorded the lowest.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Material
- PKV Green Golde1
- Outcome
- GDD, PTU, HTU, and CTDe1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Qualifier
- Utkarsha recorded the loweste1
- Comparator
- PKV AKM-4e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Green Gram”
e1“Among the varieties, PKV Green Gold exhibited the highest GDD, PTU, HTU, and CTD, ensued by PKV AKM-4 while Utkarsha recorded the lowest”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil moisture content was highest with sowing in the 28th MW, except at the pod initiation stage.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- 28th MW sowinge1
- Outcome
- Soil moisture contente1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Qualifier
- except at the pod initiation stagee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Green Gram”
e1“Soil moisture content was the highest in 28th MW sowing, except at the pod initiation stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Correlation analysis showed that crop development was influenced by weather: cooler temperatures favoured emergence and maturity, while higher minimum temperatures supported flowering.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- cooler temperaturese1
- Outcome
- optimal crop developmente1
- Qualifier
- higher minimum temperatures supported floweringe1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Green Gram”
e1“Correlation analysis revealed that the optimal crop development was influenced by certain weather conditions, such as cooler temperatures that favoured emergence and maturity, while higher minimum temperatures supported flowering”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that sowing in the 28th MW optimized thermal indices and yield efficiency, while delayed sowing (29th and 30th MW) showed reduction.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- Sowing in 28th MWe1
- Outcome
- thermal indices and yield efficiencye1
- Comparator
- delayed sowing (29th and 30th MW)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Green Gram”
e1“Sowing in 28th MW optimized thermal indices and yield efficiency, while delayed sowing (29th and 30th MW) showed reduction”
Claim · model-written summary
PKV AKM-4 demonstrated better efficiency in utilizing available thermal units.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Material
- PKV AKM-4e1
- Outcome
- efficiency to utilize available thermal unitse1
- Direction
- bettere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Green Gram”
e1“PKV AKM-4 demonstrated the better efficiency to utilize available thermal units”
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