Abstract
Dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis) is a nutritionally valuable tropical fruit crop gaining popularity for its health benefits and adaptability to semi-arid conditions. This study investigated the effects of integrated application of Farm Yard Manure (FYM), vermicompost, and Azotobacter inoculation on growth, yield, and soil properties of dragon fruit. Nine treatments viz., T1 (100% of N)/plant through vermicompost), T2 (100% of N/plant through FYM, T3 (Azotobacter @ 200 ml/plant), T4 (Azotobacter @ 200 ml/plant + 50% of N through FYM + 50% through vermicompost), T5 (Azotobacter @ 200 ml/plant + 75% of N through FYM + 25% through vermicompost), T6 (Azotobacter @ 200 ml/plant + 25% of N through FYM + 75% through vermicompost), T7 (Azotobacter @ 200 ml/plant + 100% of N/plant through FYM), T8 (Azotobacter @ 200 ml/plant + 100% of N/plant through vermicompost) and T9: Control (50 Kg FYM per pole in two split doses). The treatment combining Azotobacter with 50% N through FYM and 50% through vermicompost (T4) consistently enhanced vegetative growth, including stem diameter (0.59 cm), plant height (29.13 cm), canopy volume (1.48 m³), and branch number (15.67). It also improved reproductive traits, achieving the highest numbers of thorns (59.67), flowers (18.83), fruits (15.33) per plant, and yield (4.54 kg/plant). Soil nutrient analysis showed treatment T5 (Azotobacter with 75% N via FYM and 25% via vermicompost) had superior levels of nitrogen (241.31 kg/ha), phosphorus (14.37 kg/ha), and potassium (128.4 kg/ha). Microbial assessments revealed peak Azotobacter counts in T4 (30.38 × 104 cfu/g), bacterial counts in T7 (27.85 × 106 cfu/g), and fungal counts in T8 (27.8 × 105 cfu/g). The findings suggest that integrating organic manures with biofertilizers effectively boosts nutrient cycling, microbial activity, and crop performance in dragon fruit cultivation.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
T4 enhanced stem diameter to 0.59 cm.
- Taxon
- red dragon fruitt0
- Treatment
- Azotobacter with 50% N through FYM and 50% through vermicomposte1
- Interactor
- Azotobacter
Azotobactere1symbiont - Outcome
- stem diametere0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 0.59 cme0
- Comparator
- Controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“consistently enhanced vegetative growth, including stem diameter (0.59 cm), plant height (29.13 cm), canopy volume (1.48 m³), and branch number (15.67)”
e1“The treatment combining Azotobacter with 50% N through FYM and 50% through vermicompost (T4)”
e2“T9: Control (50 Kg FYM per pole in two split doses)”
t0“red dragon fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 enhanced plant height to 29.13 cm.
- Taxon
- red dragon fruitt0
- Treatment
- Azotobacter with 50% N through FYM and 50% through vermicomposte1
- Interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere1symbiont
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 29.13 cme0
- Comparator
- Controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“consistently enhanced vegetative growth, including stem diameter (0.59 cm), plant height (29.13 cm), canopy volume (1.48 m³), and branch number (15.67)”
e1“The treatment combining Azotobacter with 50% N through FYM and 50% through vermicompost (T4)”
e2“T9: Control (50 Kg FYM per pole in two split doses)”
t0“red dragon fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 enhanced canopy volume to 1.48 m³.
- Taxon
- red dragon fruitt0
- Treatment
- Azotobacter with 50% N through FYM and 50% through vermicomposte1
- Interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere1symbiont
- Outcome
- canopy volumee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 1.48 m³e0
- Comparator
- Controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“consistently enhanced vegetative growth, including stem diameter (0.59 cm), plant height (29.13 cm), canopy volume (1.48 m³), and branch number (15.67)”
e1“The treatment combining Azotobacter with 50% N through FYM and 50% through vermicompost (T4)”
e2“T9: Control (50 Kg FYM per pole in two split doses)”
t0“red dragon fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 enhanced branch number to 15.67.
- Taxon
- red dragon fruitt0
- Treatment
- Azotobacter with 50% N through FYM and 50% through vermicomposte1
- Interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere1symbiont
- Outcome
- branch numbere0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 15.67e0
- Comparator
- Controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“consistently enhanced vegetative growth, including stem diameter (0.59 cm), plant height (29.13 cm), canopy volume (1.48 m³), and branch number (15.67)”
e1“The treatment combining Azotobacter with 50% N through FYM and 50% through vermicompost (T4)”
e2“T9: Control (50 Kg FYM per pole in two split doses)”
t0“red dragon fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 produced the highest thorn number, 59.67.
- Taxon
- red dragon fruitt0
- Treatment
- Azotobacter with 50% N through FYM and 50% through vermicomposte1
- Interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere1symbiont
- Outcome
- thornse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 59.67e0
- Comparator
- Controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also improved reproductive traits, achieving the highest numbers of thorns (59.67), flowers (18.83), fruits (15.33) per plant, and yield (4.54 kg/plant)”
e1“The treatment combining Azotobacter with 50% N through FYM and 50% through vermicompost (T4)”
e2“T9: Control (50 Kg FYM per pole in two split doses)”
t0“red dragon fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 produced the highest flower number, 18.83.
- Taxon
- red dragon fruitt0
- Treatment
- Azotobacter with 50% N through FYM and 50% through vermicomposte1
- Interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere1symbiont
- Outcome
- flowerse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 18.83e0
- Comparator
- Controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also improved reproductive traits, achieving the highest numbers of thorns (59.67), flowers (18.83), fruits (15.33) per plant, and yield (4.54 kg/plant)”
e1“The treatment combining Azotobacter with 50% N through FYM and 50% through vermicompost (T4)”
e2“T9: Control (50 Kg FYM per pole in two split doses)”
t0“red dragon fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 produced the highest fruit number, 15.33 per plant.
- Taxon
- red dragon fruitt0
- Treatment
- Azotobacter with 50% N through FYM and 50% through vermicomposte1
- Interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere1symbiont
- Outcome
- fruitse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 15.33e0
- Comparator
- Controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also improved reproductive traits, achieving the highest numbers of thorns (59.67), flowers (18.83), fruits (15.33) per plant, and yield (4.54 kg/plant)”
e1“The treatment combining Azotobacter with 50% N through FYM and 50% through vermicompost (T4)”
e2“T9: Control (50 Kg FYM per pole in two split doses)”
t0“red dragon fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 produced the highest yield, 4.54 kg per plant.
- Taxon
- red dragon fruitt0
- Treatment
- Azotobacter with 50% N through FYM and 50% through vermicomposte1
- Interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere1symbiont
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 4.54 kg/plante0
- Comparator
- Controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also improved reproductive traits, achieving the highest numbers of thorns (59.67), flowers (18.83), fruits (15.33) per plant, and yield (4.54 kg/plant)”
e1“The treatment combining Azotobacter with 50% N through FYM and 50% through vermicompost (T4)”
e2“T9: Control (50 Kg FYM per pole in two split doses)”
t0“red dragon fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 soil nitrogen was superior at 241.31 kg/ha.
- Treatment
- Azotobacter with 75% N via FYM and 25% via vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- nitrogene0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 241.31 kg/hae0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Soil nutrient analysis showed treatment T5 (Azotobacter with 75% N via FYM and 25% via vermicompost) had superior levels of nitrogen (241.31 kg/ha), phosphorus (14.37 kg/ha), and potassium (128.4 kg/ha)”
t0“red dragon fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 soil phosphorus was superior at 14.37 kg/ha.
- Treatment
- Azotobacter with 75% N via FYM and 25% via vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- phosphoruse0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 14.37 kg/hae0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Soil nutrient analysis showed treatment T5 (Azotobacter with 75% N via FYM and 25% via vermicompost) had superior levels of nitrogen (241.31 kg/ha), phosphorus (14.37 kg/ha), and potassium (128.4 kg/ha)”
t0“red dragon fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 soil potassium was superior at 128.4 kg/ha.
- Treatment
- Azotobacter with 75% N via FYM and 25% via vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- potassiume0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 128.4 kg/hae0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Soil nutrient analysis showed treatment T5 (Azotobacter with 75% N via FYM and 25% via vermicompost) had superior levels of nitrogen (241.31 kg/ha), phosphorus (14.37 kg/ha), and potassium (128.4 kg/ha)”
t0“red dragon fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 produced the peak Azotobacter count of 30.38 × 104 cfu/g.
- Taxon
- AzotobacterAzotobactere0
- Treatment
- Azotobacter with 50% N through FYM and 50% through vermicomposte1
- Outcome
- Azotobacter countse0
- Direction
- peake0
- Value
- 30.38 × 104 cfu/ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Microbial assessments revealed peak Azotobacter counts in T4 (30.38 × 104 cfu/g)”
e1“The treatment combining Azotobacter with 50% N through FYM and 50% through vermicompost (T4)”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 had peak bacterial counts of 27.85 × 106 cfu/g.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“bacterial counts in T7 (27.85 × 106 cfu/g)”
e1“T7 (Azotobacter @ 200 ml/plant + 100% of N/plant through FYM)”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 had peak fungal counts of 27.8 × 105 cfu/g.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“fungal counts in T8 (27.8 × 105 cfu/g)”
e1“T8 (Azotobacter @ 200 ml/plant + 100% of N/plant through vermicompost)”