Abstract
The albino lemma 1 (alm1) mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) exhibit obvious chlorophyll-deficient hulls. Hulls are seed-enclosing tissues on the spike, consisting of the lemma and palea. The alm1 phenotype is also expressed in the pericarp, culm nodes and basal leaf sheaths, but leaf blades and awns are normal green. A single recessive nuclear gene controls tissue-specific alm1 phenotypic expression. Positional cloning revealed that the ALM1 gene encodes a Golden 2-like (GLK) transcription factor, HvGLK2, belonging to the GARP subfamily of Myb transcription factors. This finding was validated by genetic evidence indicating that all 10 alm1 mutants studied had a lesion in functionally important regions of HvGLK2, including the three alpha-helix domains, an AREAEAA motif and the GCT box. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that, in lemmas of the alm1.g mutant, the chloroplasts lacked thylakoid membranes, instead of stacked thylakoid grana in wild-type chloroplasts. Compared with wild type, alm1.g plants showed similar levels of leaf photosynthesis but reduced spike photosynthesis by 34%. The alm1.g mutant and the alm1.a mutant showed a reduction in 100-grain weight by 15.8% and 23.1%, respectively. As in other plants, barley has HvGLK2 and a paralog, HvGLK1. In flag leaves and awns, HvGLK2 and HvGLK1 are expressed at moderate levels, but in hulls, HvGLK1 expression was barely detectable compared with HvGLK2. Barley alm1/Hvglk2 mutants exhibit more severe phenotypes than glk2 mutants of other plant species reported to date. The severe alm1 phenotypic expression in multiple tissues indicates that HvGLK2 plays some roles that are nonredundant with HvGLK1.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
The ALM1 gene encodes a Golden 2-like transcription factor, HvGLK2.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Gene
- ALM1e1
- Outcome
- encodes a Golden 2-like (GLK) transcription factore1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The albino lemma 1 (alm1) mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) exhibit obvious chlorophyll-deficient hulls”
e1“Positional cloning revealed that the ALM1 gene encodes a Golden 2-like (GLK) transcription factor, HvGLK2”
Claim · model-written summary
All 10 alm1 mutants studied had a lesion in functionally important regions of HvGLK2.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Material
- alm1 mutantse2
- Gene
- HvGLK2e2
- Outcome
- lesion in functionally important regions of HvGLK2e2
- Value
- all 10e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The albino lemma 1 (alm1) mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) exhibit obvious chlorophyll-deficient hulls”
e2“all 10 alm1 mutants studied had a lesion in functionally important regions of HvGLK2”
Claim · model-written summary
In lemmas of the alm1.g mutant, chloroplasts lacked thylakoid membranes, unlike the stacked thylakoid grana of wild-type chloroplasts.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Material
- alm1.g mutante3
- Organ / stage
- lemmase3
- Outcome
- thylakoid membranese3
- Comparator
- wild-type chloroplastse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The albino lemma 1 (alm1) mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) exhibit obvious chlorophyll-deficient hulls”
e3“Transmission electron microscopy revealed that, in lemmas of the alm1.g mutant, the chloroplasts lacked thylakoid membranes, instead of stacked thylakoid grana in wild-type chloroplasts”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf photosynthesis of alm1.g plants was at similar levels to wild type.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- alm1.g plantse4
- Outcome
- leaf photosynthesise4
- Direction
- similar levelse4
- Comparator
- wild typee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The albino lemma 1 (alm1) mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) exhibit obvious chlorophyll-deficient hulls”
e4“Compared with wild type, alm1.g plants showed similar levels of leaf photosynthesis but reduced spike photosynthesis by 34%”
Claim · model-written summary
Spike photosynthesis of alm1.g plants was reduced by 34% compared with wild type.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Organ / stage
- spikee4
- Treatment
- alm1.g plantse4
- Outcome
- spike photosynthesise4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 34%e4
- Comparator
- wild typee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The albino lemma 1 (alm1) mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) exhibit obvious chlorophyll-deficient hulls”
e4“Compared with wild type, alm1.g plants showed similar levels of leaf photosynthesis but reduced spike photosynthesis by 34%”
Claim · model-written summary
The alm1.g mutant showed a 15.8% reduction in 100-grain weight compared with wild type.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- alm1.g mutante5
- Outcome
- 100-grain weighte5
- Direction
- reductione5
- Value
- 15.8%e5
- Comparator
- wild typee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The albino lemma 1 (alm1) mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) exhibit obvious chlorophyll-deficient hulls”
e5“The alm1.g mutant and the alm1.a mutant showed a reduction in 100-grain weight by 15.8% and 23.1%, respectively”
e4“Compared with wild type, alm1.g plants showed similar levels of leaf photosynthesis but reduced spike photosynthesis by 34%”
Claim · model-written summary
The alm1.a mutant showed a 23.1% reduction in 100-grain weight compared with wild type.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- alm1.a mutante5
- Outcome
- 100-grain weighte5
- Direction
- reductione5
- Value
- 23.1%e5
- Comparator
- wild typee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The albino lemma 1 (alm1) mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) exhibit obvious chlorophyll-deficient hulls”
e5“The alm1.g mutant and the alm1.a mutant showed a reduction in 100-grain weight by 15.8% and 23.1%, respectively”
e4“Compared with wild type, alm1.g plants showed similar levels of leaf photosynthesis but reduced spike photosynthesis by 34%”
Claim · model-written summary
HvGLK1 expression in hulls was barely detectable compared with HvGLK2.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Organ / stage
- hullse6
- Gene
- HvGLK1e6
- Outcome
- expressione6
- Qualifier
- barely detectable compared with HvGLK2e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The albino lemma 1 (alm1) mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) exhibit obvious chlorophyll-deficient hulls”
e6“but in hulls, HvGLK1 expression was barely detectable compared with HvGLK2”
Claim · model-written summary
HvGLK2 and HvGLK1 are expressed at moderate levels in flag leaves and awns.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Organ / stage
- flag leaves and awnse7
- Gene
- HvGLK2 and HvGLK1e7
- Outcome
- expressede7
- Qualifier
- moderate levelse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The albino lemma 1 (alm1) mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) exhibit obvious chlorophyll-deficient hulls”
e7“In flag leaves and awns, HvGLK2 and HvGLK1 are expressed at moderate levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley alm1/Hvglk2 mutants have more severe phenotypes than glk2 mutants of other plant species.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Gene
- Hvglk2e6
- Outcome
- phenotypese6
- Direction
- more severee6
- Comparator
- glk2 mutants of other plant speciese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The albino lemma 1 (alm1) mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) exhibit obvious chlorophyll-deficient hulls”
e6“Barley alm1/Hvglk2 mutants exhibit more severe phenotypes than glk2 mutants of other plant species reported to date”
Claim · model-written summary
HvGLK2 plays roles that are nonredundant with HvGLK1 (author interpretation).
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Gene
- HvGLK2e6
- Outcome
- roles that are nonredundant with HvGLK1e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The albino lemma 1 (alm1) mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) exhibit obvious chlorophyll-deficient hulls”
e6“HvGLK2 plays some roles that are nonredundant with HvGLK1”
Claim · model-written summary
A single recessive nuclear gene controls tissue-specific alm1 phenotypic expression.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- tissue-specific alm1 phenotypic expressione6
- Qualifier
- single recessive nuclear genee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The albino lemma 1 (alm1) mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) exhibit obvious chlorophyll-deficient hulls”
e6“A single recessive nuclear gene controls tissue-specific alm1 phenotypic expression”