Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the level of biological effectiveness of soybean protection systems and to rationally combine the mechanisms of action of herbicidal formulations with the use of the adjuvant Skaba EC. The effectiveness of herbicide active substances on weed infestation and soybean yield was evaluated. The index of competitive pressure of weeds on crops was determined. Under all studied conditions, a clear hierarchy of effectiveness between two- and three-component systems was observed. Differences between application rates were much less pronounced than expected. When using 100% herbicide rates in combination with the adjuvant Skaba EC (0.2 L/ha) in two-component systems, the average reduction in weed numbers was: for annual broadleaf weeds – 80.0-91.4%, for annual grasses – 72.0-92.0%, and for perennial broadleaf weeds – 69.0-81.0%. In the three-component system, these values were 95.1%, 94.0%, and 87.0%, respectively. Reducing the herbicide rate to 75% combined with an increased adjuvant rate (0.3 L/ha) did not result in a significant decrease in weed control effectiveness. In the three-component system, the values reached 93.9%, 94.5%, and 85.0%, respectively. A 25% reduction in herbicide rates, when combined with the adjuvant, had little effect on the final biological outcome, while significantly reducing the chemical load on the agroecosystem. The combination of inhibitors provided the highest biological effectiveness of weed control. The level of weed infestation in soybean crops during the years of study depended significantly on the composition of the herbicide protection system and the combination of products with different mechanisms of action of active substances on plants. Two-component systems without the use of an adjuvant ensured moderate weed reduction (58-88%), whereas three-component multisite combinations increased control effectiveness to 85-97% for annual species and 76-88% for perennial species (and under conditions with an adjuvant – up to 90-97% and 84-88%, respectively). When applying optimised (reduced by 3-40%) herbicide rates in combination with the maximum adjuvant rate (0.4 L/ha), weed control efficiency remained consistently high
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Two- and three-component systems differed in effectiveness.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Outcome
- hierarchy of effectivenesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“clear hierarchy of effectiveness between two- and three-component systems”
t0“soybean crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Application-rate differences were smaller than expected.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- Differences between application ratese0
- Direction
- less pronouncede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Differences between application rates were much less pronounced than expected”
t0“soybean crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Full-rate two-component herbicides with Skaba EC reduced annual broadleaf weeds by 80.0-91.4%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 100% herbicide rates in combination with the adjuvant Skaba EC (0.2 L/ha)e0
- Interactor
- annual broadleaf weedse0weed
- Outcome
- annual broadleaf weedse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 80.0-91.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“100% herbicide rates in combination with the adjuvant Skaba EC (0.2 L/ha) in two-component systems, the average reduction in weed numbers was: for annual broadleaf weeds – 80.0-91.4%”
t0“soybean crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Full-rate two-component herbicides with Skaba EC reduced annual grasses by 72.0-92.0%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 100% herbicide rates in combination with the adjuvant Skaba EC (0.2 L/ha)e0
- Interactor
- annual grassese0weed
- Outcome
- annual grassese0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 72.0-92.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“100% herbicide rates in combination with the adjuvant Skaba EC (0.2 L/ha) in two-component systems, the average reduction in weed numbers was: for annual broadleaf weeds – 80.0-91.4%, for annual grasses – 72.0-92.0%”
t0“soybean crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Full-rate two-component herbicides with Skaba EC reduced perennial broadleaf weeds by 69.0-81.0%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 100% herbicide rates in combination with the adjuvant Skaba EC (0.2 L/ha)e0
- Interactor
- perennial broadleaf weedse0weed
- Outcome
- perennial broadleaf weedse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 69.0-81.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“100% herbicide rates in combination with the adjuvant Skaba EC (0.2 L/ha) in two-component systems, the average reduction in weed numbers was: for annual broadleaf weeds – 80.0-91.4%, for annual grasses – 72.0-92.0%, and for perennial broadleaf weeds – 69.0-81.0%”
t0“soybean crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Full-rate three-component herbicides reduced annual broadleaf weeds by 95.1%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- three-component systeme0
- Interactor
- annual broadleaf weedse1weed
- Outcome
- annual broadleaf weedse1
- Value
- 95.1%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the three-component system, these values were 95.1%, 94.0%, and 87.0%, respectively”
e1“for annual broadleaf weeds – 80.0-91.4%, for annual grasses – 72.0-92.0%, and for perennial broadleaf weeds – 69.0-81.0%”
t0“soybean crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Full-rate three-component herbicides reduced annual grasses by 94.0%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- three-component systeme0
- Interactor
- annual grassese1weed
- Outcome
- annual grassese1
- Value
- 94.0%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the three-component system, these values were 95.1%, 94.0%, and 87.0%, respectively”
e1“for annual broadleaf weeds – 80.0-91.4%, for annual grasses – 72.0-92.0%, and for perennial broadleaf weeds – 69.0-81.0%”
t0“soybean crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Full-rate three-component herbicides reduced perennial broadleaf weeds by 87.0%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- three-component systeme0
- Interactor
- perennial broadleaf weedse1weed
- Outcome
- perennial broadleaf weedse1
- Value
- 87.0%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the three-component system, these values were 95.1%, 94.0%, and 87.0%, respectively”
e1“for annual broadleaf weeds – 80.0-91.4%, for annual grasses – 72.0-92.0%, and for perennial broadleaf weeds – 69.0-81.0%”
t0“soybean crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing herbicide to 75% with more adjuvant did not significantly reduce control effectiveness.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- herbicide rate to 75% combined with an increased adjuvant rate (0.3 L/ha)e0
- Outcome
- weed control effectivenesse0
- Direction
- did not result in a significant decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reducing the herbicide rate to 75% combined with an increased adjuvant rate (0.3 L/ha) did not result in a significant decrease in weed control effectiveness”
t0“soybean crops”
Claim · model-written summary
At 75% herbicide rate, three-component control values were 93.9%, 94.5%, and 85.0% for the respective weed groups.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- valuese0
- Value
- 93.9%, 94.5%, and 85.0%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the three-component system, the values reached 93.9%, 94.5%, and 85.0%, respectively”
t0“soybean crops”
Claim · model-written summary
A 25% herbicide-rate reduction with adjuvant had little effect on biological outcome.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 25% reduction in herbicide rates, when combined with the adjuvante0
- Outcome
- final biological outcomee0
- Direction
- little effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 25% reduction in herbicide rates, when combined with the adjuvant, had little effect on the final biological outcome”
t0“soybean crops”
Claim · model-written summary
A 25% herbicide-rate reduction significantly reduced chemical load.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 25% reduction in herbicide rates, when combined with the adjuvante1
- Outcome
- chemical load on the agroecosysteme0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly reducing the chemical load on the agroecosystem”
e1“A 25% reduction in herbicide rates, when combined with the adjuvant”
t0“soybean crops”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of inhibitors yielded the highest weed-control effectiveness.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- combination of inhibitorse0
- Outcome
- biological effectiveness of weed controle0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combination of inhibitors provided the highest biological effectiveness of weed control”
t0“soybean crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed infestation depended significantly on herbicide-system composition.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- composition of the herbicide protection systeme0
- Outcome
- level of weed infestatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“level of weed infestation in soybean crops during the years of study depended significantly on the composition of the herbicide protection system and the combination of products with different mechanisms of action”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Two-component systems without adjuvant reduced weeds by 58-88%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Two-component systems without the use of an adjuvante0
- Outcome
- weed reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 58-88%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two-component systems without the use of an adjuvant ensured moderate weed reduction (58-88%)”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Three-component combinations controlled annual weeds at 85-97%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- three-component multisite combinationse0
- Interactor
- annual speciese0weed
- Outcome
- control effectivenesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 85-97%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three-component multisite combinations increased control effectiveness to 85-97% for annual species”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Three-component combinations controlled perennial weeds at 76-88%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- three-component multisite combinationse0
- Interactor
- perennial speciese0weed
- Outcome
- control effectivenesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 76-88%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three-component multisite combinations increased control effectiveness to 85-97% for annual species and 76-88% for perennial species”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding adjuvant raised three-component annual weed control to 90-97%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- an adjuvante0
- Interactor
- annual speciese1weed
- Outcome
- annual speciese1
- Direction
- up toe0
- Value
- 90-97%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under conditions with an adjuvant – up to 90-97% and 84-88%, respectively”
e1“annual species and 76-88% for perennial species”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding adjuvant raised three-component perennial weed control to 84-88%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- an adjuvante0
- Interactor
- perennial speciese1weed
- Outcome
- perennial speciese1
- Direction
- up toe0
- Value
- 84-88%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under conditions with an adjuvant – up to 90-97% and 84-88%, respectively”
e1“perennial species”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized herbicide rates with maximum adjuvant maintained high weed-control efficiency.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- optimised (reduced by 3-40%) herbicide rates in combination with the maximum adjuvant rate (0.4 L/ha)e0
- Outcome
- weed control efficiencye0
- Direction
- consistently highe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“optimised (reduced by 3-40%) herbicide rates in combination with the maximum adjuvant rate (0.4 L/ha), weed control efficiency remained consistently high”
t0“soybean”
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