Abstract
Rice paddies are a significant source of methane (CH4), yet mitigation options that maintain yield under continuous flooding remain limited. This study evaluated the effects of biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) mulch and biofertilizer on greenhouse gas emissions, plant performance, and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) in a factorial field experiment with eight different treatments combined across two rice varieties. Stage-integrated assessment of CH4 and CO2 fluxes was measured at tillering, flowering, and harvest. CH4 emissions were strongly growth-stage dependent, with the highest emissions occurring during the flowering stage, particularly in the high-emitting BF-888 no-mulch treatment. The PLA mulch reduced flowering stage CH4 emissions by 40%–70% relative to no-mulch in several treatment combinations, despite causing a modest increase during tillering. CO2 fluxes exhibited a relatively uniform temporal pattern across growth stages, with limited variation among treatments and no significant effects of mulch or biofertilizer. GHGI varied sharply across treatments, with the highest value (GHGI ≈ 8.1) occurring in Microalgal 888 without mulch due to elevated flowering-stage CH4 emissions. On the contrary, PLA Mulch x biofertilizer (New San Pa Tong) and No Mulch by No Fertilizer (SP) treatments produced GHGI values below 1.0, indicating more efficient emissions per unit yield. Generally, PLA mulch did not uniformly suppress CH4 but redistributed emissions across growth stages, reducing late-season peaks and improving GHGI when paired with suitable fertilizer variety combinations. The outcomes demonstrate that PLA mulch and biofertilizers can contribute to low-emission rice production when applied in conjunction with context-specific management strategies.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
CH4 emissions in rice were strongly growth-stage dependent, highest at the flowering stage.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Organ / stage
- flowering stagee0
- Outcome
- CH4 emissionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“submerged rice cultivation”
e0“CH4 emissions were strongly growth-stage dependent, with the highest emissions occurring during the flowering stage”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest CH4 emissions occurred particularly in the high-emitting BF-888 no-mulch treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- BF-888e0
- Organ / stage
- flowering stagee0
- Treatment
- no-mulche0
- Outcome
- CH4 emissionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“submerged rice cultivation”
e0“CH4 emissions were strongly growth-stage dependent, with the highest emissions occurring during the flowering stage, particularly in the high-emitting BF-888 no-mulch treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
PLA mulch reduced flowering-stage CH4 emissions by 40%-70% relative to no-mulch in several treatment combinations.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PLA mulche0
- Outcome
- flowering stage CH4 emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 40%–70%e0
- Comparator
- no-mulche0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“submerged rice cultivation”
e0“The PLA mulch reduced flowering stage CH4 emissions by 40%–70% relative to no-mulch in several treatment combinations”
Claim · model-written summary
PLA mulch caused a modest increase in CH4 emissions during tillering.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- tilleringe0
- Treatment
- PLA mulche0
- Outcome
- CH4 emissionse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- modeste0
- Comparator
- no-mulche0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“submerged rice cultivation”
e0“The PLA mulch reduced flowering stage CH4 emissions by 40%–70% relative to no-mulch in several treatment combinations, despite causing a modest increase during tillering”
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 fluxes showed a relatively uniform temporal pattern across growth stages.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- CO2 fluxese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“submerged rice cultivation”
e0“CO2 fluxes exhibited a relatively uniform temporal pattern across growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulch and biofertilizer had no significant effects on CO2 fluxes, with limited variation among treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- mulch or biofertilizere0
- Outcome
- CO2 fluxese0
- Direction
- no significant effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“submerged rice cultivation”
e0“CO2 fluxes exhibited a relatively uniform temporal pattern across growth stages, with limited variation among treatments and no significant effects of mulch or biofertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
GHGI varied sharply across treatments, with the highest value of about 8.1 in Microalgal 888 without mulch due to elevated flowering-stage CH4 emissions.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Microalgal 888e0
- Treatment
- without mulche0
- Outcome
- GHGIe0
- Value
- 8.1e0
- Qualifier
- due to elevated flowering-stage CH4 emissionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“submerged rice cultivation”
e0“GHGI varied sharply across treatments, with the highest value (GHGI ≈ 8.1) occurring in Microalgal 888 without mulch due to elevated flowering-stage CH4 emissions”
Claim · model-written summary
The PLA mulch by biofertilizer (New San Pa Tong) treatment produced GHGI values below 1.0.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- New San Pa Tonge0
- Treatment
- PLA Mulch x biofertilizere0
- Outcome
- GHGI valuese0
- Direction
- belowe0
- Value
- 1.0e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“submerged rice cultivation”
e0“PLA Mulch x biofertilizer (New San Pa Tong) and No Mulch by No Fertilizer (SP) treatments produced GHGI values below 1.0”
Claim · model-written summary
The no mulch by no fertilizer (SP) treatment produced GHGI values below 1.0.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- SPe0
- Treatment
- No Mulch by No Fertilizere0
- Outcome
- GHGI valuese0
- Direction
- belowe0
- Value
- 1.0e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“submerged rice cultivation”
e0“PLA Mulch x biofertilizer (New San Pa Tong) and No Mulch by No Fertilizer (SP) treatments produced GHGI values below 1.0”
Claim · model-written summary
PLA mulch did not uniformly suppress CH4 but redistributed emissions across growth stages.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PLA mulche0
- Outcome
- CH4e0
- Direction
- did not uniformly suppresse0
- Qualifier
- redistributed emissions across growth stagese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“submerged rice cultivation”
e0“PLA mulch did not uniformly suppress CH4 but redistributed emissions across growth stages, reducing late-season peaks and improving GHGI when paired with suitable fertilizer variety combinations”
Claim · model-written summary
PLA mulch reduced late-season CH4 emission peaks.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PLA mulche0
- Outcome
- late-season peakse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“submerged rice cultivation”
e0“PLA mulch did not uniformly suppress CH4 but redistributed emissions across growth stages, reducing late-season peaks and improving GHGI when paired with suitable fertilizer variety combinations”
Claim · model-written summary
PLA mulch improved GHGI when paired with suitable fertilizer variety combinations.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PLA mulche0
- Outcome
- GHGIe0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Qualifier
- when paired with suitable fertilizer variety combinationse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“submerged rice cultivation”
e0“PLA mulch did not uniformly suppress CH4 but redistributed emissions across growth stages, reducing late-season peaks and improving GHGI when paired with suitable fertilizer variety combinations”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that PLA mulch and biofertilizers can contribute to low-emission rice production when applied with context-specific management strategies.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- low-emission rice productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PLA mulch and biofertilizers can contribute to low-emission rice production when applied in conjunction with context-specific management strategies”
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