Abstract
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are beneficial bacteria that directly or indirectly enhance plant growth, crop yields and stress tolerance. In this study, the maize variety ‘Ningdan 33’ was used as the experimental material. Strain PW2, isolated from salinized soil in Yinchuan, Ningxia, was identified as Enterobacter asburiae based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics as well as 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Pot experiments demonstrated its potential for salt tolerance and growth promotion in maize. The strain can grow in environments with 2.0%–10.0% NaCl and at pH 8.0–11.0, while exhibiting multiple plant growth-promoting traits, such as nitrogen fixation, potassium solubilization, siderophore production, ACC deaminase activity, and IAA synthesis. Under salt stress conditions, inoculation with PW2 significantly promoted maize seed germination, seedling growth, and root system development. Compared to the control group, inoculation with PW2 suspension significantly increased plant height, root length, nitrogen content, and the fresh and dry weights of both shoots and roots. Furthermore, PW2 inoculation significantly enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities in maize leaves and roots. Specifically, the activities of POD, SOD, and CAT in leaves increased by 92.75% ( p = 4.0×10 -7 ), 21.79% ( p = 0.008), and 17.28% ( p = 0.010), respectively, while those in roots increased by 54.32% ( p = 2.0×10 -6 ), 19.36% ( p = 0.041), and 37.80% ( p = 0.002), respectively. Conversely, the MDA content in leaves and roots decreased by 19.53% ( p = 0.0058) and 32.91% ( p = 0.006), respectively. Additionally, the contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, and proline in both leaves and roots increased significantly. Collectively, these results indicate that strain PW2 effectively mitigates oxidative damage caused by salt stress through enhanced antioxidant defense and improved osmotic regulation, thereby promoting maize growth.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
PW2 was identified as Enterobacter asburiae.
- Interactor
- Enterobacter asburiaeEnterobacter asburiaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- identified as Enterobacter asburiaee0
- Setting
- Yinchuan, Ningxiae0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Strain PW2, isolated from salinized soil in Yinchuan, Ningxia, was identified as Enterobacter asburiae”
t0“maize seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
PW2 grew in 2.0%–10.0% NaCl.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The strain can grow in environments with 2.0%–10.0% NaCl”
t0“maize seedling growth”
e1“Strain PW2, isolated from salinized soil in Yinchuan, Ningxia, was identified as Enterobacter asburiae”
Claim · model-written summary
PW2 grew at pH 8.0–11.0.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at pH 8.0–11.0”
t0“maize seedling growth”
e1“Strain PW2, isolated from salinized soil in Yinchuan, Ningxia, was identified as Enterobacter asburiae”
Claim · model-written summary
PW2 displayed nitrogen fixation, potassium solubilization and siderophore production.
- Outcome
- nitrogen fixation, potassium solubilization, siderophore productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen fixation, potassium solubilization, siderophore production”
t0“maize seedling growth”
e1“Strain PW2, isolated from salinized soil in Yinchuan, Ningxia, was identified as Enterobacter asburiae”
Claim · model-written summary
PW2 displayed ACC deaminase activity and IAA synthesis.
- Outcome
- ACC deaminase activity, and IAA synthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ACC deaminase activity, and IAA synthesis”
t0“maize seedling growth”
e1“Strain PW2, isolated from salinized soil in Yinchuan, Ningxia, was identified as Enterobacter asburiae”
Claim · model-written summary
PW2 inoculation significantly promoted maize germination, seedling growth and root development under salt stress.
- Treatment
- inoculation with PW2e0
- Interactor
- PW2e0symbiont
- Outcome
- maize seed germination, seedling growth, and root system developmente0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under salt stress conditions, inoculation with PW2 significantly promoted maize seed germination, seedling growth, and root system development”
Claim · model-written summary
PW2 increased maize plant height and root length relative to controls.
- Treatment
- inoculation with PW2 suspensione0
- Interactor
- PW2e0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant height, root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the control group, inoculation with PW2 suspension significantly increased plant height, root length”
t0“maize seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
PW2 increased maize nitrogen content relative to controls.
- Treatment
- inoculation with PW2 suspensione0
- Interactor
- PW2e0symbiont
- Outcome
- nitrogen contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the control group, inoculation with PW2 suspension significantly increased plant height, root length, nitrogen content”
t0“maize seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
PW2 increased fresh and dry weights of maize shoots and roots.
- Treatment
- inoculation with PW2 suspensione0
- Interactor
- PW2e0symbiont
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weights of both shoots and rootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation with PW2 suspension significantly increased plant height, root length, nitrogen content, and the fresh and dry weights of both shoots and roots”
t0“maize seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf POD activity increased by 92.75%.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- inoculation with PW2 suspensione1
- Outcome
- activities of PODe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 92.75%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“activities of POD, SOD, and CAT in leaves increased by 92.75% ( p = 4.0×10 -7 )”
t0“maize seedling growth”
e1“inoculation with PW2 suspension significantly increased plant height, root length, nitrogen content, and the fresh and dry weights of both shoots and roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf SOD activity increased by 21.79%.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- inoculation with PW2 suspensione1
- Outcome
- SODe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21.79%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“activities of POD, SOD, and CAT in leaves increased by 92.75% ( p = 4.0×10 -7 ), 21.79% ( p = 0.008)”
t0“maize seedling growth”
e1“inoculation with PW2 suspension significantly increased plant height, root length, nitrogen content, and the fresh and dry weights of both shoots and roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf CAT activity increased by 17.28%.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- inoculation with PW2 suspensione1
- Outcome
- CATe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.28%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“activities of POD, SOD, and CAT in leaves increased by 92.75% ( p = 4.0×10 -7 ), 21.79% ( p = 0.008), and 17.28% ( p = 0.010)”
t0“maize seedling growth”
e1“inoculation with PW2 suspension significantly increased plant height, root length, nitrogen content, and the fresh and dry weights of both shoots and roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Root POD activity increased by 54.32%.
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- inoculation with PW2 suspensione1
- Outcome
- PODe2
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 54.32%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“those in roots increased by 54.32% ( p = 2.0×10 -6 )”
t0“maize seedling growth”
e1“inoculation with PW2 suspension significantly increased plant height, root length, nitrogen content, and the fresh and dry weights of both shoots and roots”
e2“activities of POD, SOD, and CAT in leaves increased by 92.75% ( p = 4.0×10 -7 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Root SOD activity increased by 19.36%.
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- inoculation with PW2 suspensione1
- Outcome
- SODe2
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 19.36%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“those in roots increased by 54.32% ( p = 2.0×10 -6 ), 19.36% ( p = 0.041)”
t0“maize seedling growth”
e1“inoculation with PW2 suspension significantly increased plant height, root length, nitrogen content, and the fresh and dry weights of both shoots and roots”
e2“activities of POD, SOD, and CAT in leaves increased by 92.75% ( p = 4.0×10 -7 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Root CAT activity increased by 37.80%.
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- inoculation with PW2 suspensione1
- Outcome
- CATe2
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 37.80%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“those in roots increased by 54.32% ( p = 2.0×10 -6 ), 19.36% ( p = 0.041), and 37.80% ( p = 0.002)”
t0“maize seedling growth”
e1“inoculation with PW2 suspension significantly increased plant height, root length, nitrogen content, and the fresh and dry weights of both shoots and roots”
e2“activities of POD, SOD, and CAT in leaves increased by 92.75% ( p = 4.0×10 -7 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf MDA content decreased by 19.53%.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- inoculation with PW2 suspensione1
- Outcome
- MDA contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 19.53%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MDA content in leaves and roots decreased by 19.53% ( p = 0.0058)”
t0“maize seedling growth”
e1“inoculation with PW2 suspension significantly increased plant height, root length, nitrogen content, and the fresh and dry weights of both shoots and roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Root MDA content decreased by 32.91%.
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- inoculation with PW2 suspensione1
- Outcome
- MDA contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 32.91%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MDA content in leaves and roots decreased by 19.53% ( p = 0.0058) and 32.91% ( p = 0.006)”
t0“maize seedling growth”
e1“inoculation with PW2 suspension significantly increased plant height, root length, nitrogen content, and the fresh and dry weights of both shoots and roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble sugar, protein and proline increased in leaves and roots.
- Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse0
- Treatment
- inoculation with PW2 suspensione1
- Outcome
- contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, and prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, and proline in both leaves and roots increased significantly”
t0“maize seedling growth”
e1“inoculation with PW2 suspension significantly increased plant height, root length, nitrogen content, and the fresh and dry weights of both shoots and roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors inferred that PW2 mitigates salt oxidative damage by antioxidant defense and osmotic regulation.
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Interactor
- PW2e0symbiont
- Outcome
- oxidative damagee0
- Qualifier
- enhanced antioxidant defense and improved osmotic regulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strain PW2 effectively mitigates oxidative damage caused by salt stress through enhanced antioxidant defense and improved osmotic regulation”
t0“maize seedling growth”
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