Abstract
Blue mold decay caused by Penicillium expansum is a major disease of table grapes, causing substantial economic losses. With increasing environmental concern and consumer interest in chemical-free products, eco-friendly biocontrol strategies are necessary. The strains of Wickerhamomyces anomalus incubated with chitosan (WaC) and Bacillus subtilis (Bs) are already reported for their promising efficiency to control blue mold disease caused by P. expansum. However, their individual application is less effective compared to chemical fungicides. The current study determined combined application of these two prominent antagonistic microbes against blue mold decay of grapes. Initially we carried out a compatibility study which confirmed that there was no mutual inhibition among the strains, enabling synergistic formulations. An in vitro study showed that the combined application of WaC and Bs better reduces P. expansum colony diameters at a 4:1 ratio. This ratio also maximally suppressed the pathogen spore germination (62% reduction) and germ tube elongation (67% reduction). The in vivo studies also showed that WaC + Bs (at 4:1) significantly minimized lesion diameters and decay rates of grapes during the 13-day storage, outperforming individual applications. The physicochemical quality parameters of table grapes were also better preserved. The treatments modulated antioxidant and defense enzymatic activities such as PPO, POD, PAL, APX, SOD, and CHI. The elevated phenolic and flavonoid contents, with strong positive correlations among the enzymes, underscored the induced resistance of the host. These findings highlight the synergistic potential of chitosan-enhanced Wa with Bs for effective, sustainable postharvest biocontrol, extending grape shelf life and reducing chemical reliance.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Compatibility testing found no mutual inhibition between the Wickerhamomyces anomalus and Bacillus subtilis strains, enabling synergistic formulations.
Verbatim
e0“Blue mold decay caused by Penicillium expansum is a major disease of table grapes”
e1“Initially we carried out a compatibility study which confirmed that there was no mutual inhibition among the strains, enabling synergistic formulations”
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro, the combined application of WaC and Bs at a 4:1 ratio better reduced P. expansum colony diameters.
- Taxon
- table grapese0
- Treatment
- combined application of WaC and Bse2
- Interactor
- P. expansum
Penicillium expansume2pathogen - Second interactor
- WaCe2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- P. expansum colony diameterse2
- Direction
- reducese2
- Qualifier
- at a 4:1 ratioe2
- Setting
- in vitroe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Blue mold decay caused by Penicillium expansum is a major disease of table grapes”
e2“An in vitro study showed that the combined application of WaC and Bs better reduces P. expansum colony diameters at a 4:1 ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
At the 4:1 combined ratio, the pathogen spore germination was maximally suppressed (62% reduction).
- Taxon
- table grapese0
- Treatment
- combined application of WaC and Bse2
- Interactor
- P. expansumPenicillium expansume2pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogen spore germinatione3
- Direction
- suppressede3
- Value
- 62%e3
- Setting
- in vitroe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Blue mold decay caused by Penicillium expansum is a major disease of table grapes”
e2“An in vitro study showed that the combined application of WaC and Bs better reduces P. expansum colony diameters at a 4:1 ratio”
e3“This ratio also maximally suppressed the pathogen spore germination (62% reduction) and germ tube elongation (67% reduction)”
Claim · model-written summary
At the 4:1 combined ratio, germ tube elongation was maximally suppressed (67% reduction).
- Taxon
- table grapese0
- Treatment
- combined application of WaC and Bse2
- Interactor
- P. expansumPenicillium expansume2pathogen
- Outcome
- germ tube elongatione3
- Direction
- suppressede3
- Value
- 67%e3
- Setting
- in vitroe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Blue mold decay caused by Penicillium expansum is a major disease of table grapes”
e2“An in vitro study showed that the combined application of WaC and Bs better reduces P. expansum colony diameters at a 4:1 ratio”
e3“This ratio also maximally suppressed the pathogen spore germination (62% reduction) and germ tube elongation (67% reduction)”
Claim · model-written summary
In vivo, WaC + Bs (at 4:1) significantly minimized lesion diameters and decay rates of grapes during 13-day storage, outperforming individual applications.
Verbatim
e4“The in vivo studies also showed that WaC + Bs (at 4:1) significantly minimized lesion diameters and decay rates of grapes during the 13-day storage, outperforming individual applications”
Claim · model-written summary
WaC + Bs better preserved the physicochemical quality parameters of table grapes.
- Taxon
- table grapese5
- Treatment
- WaC + Bse4
- Outcome
- physicochemical quality parameterse5
- Direction
- better preservede5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e4“The in vivo studies also showed that WaC + Bs (at 4:1) significantly minimized lesion diameters and decay rates of grapes during the 13-day storage, outperforming individual applications”
e5“The physicochemical quality parameters of table grapes were also better preserved”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatments modulated the antioxidant and defense enzymes PPO, POD and PAL; direction not stated.
- Taxon
- table grapese0
- Treatment
- WaC + Bse4
- Gene
- PPO, POD, PALe6
- Outcome
- antioxidant and defense enzymatic activitiese6
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Blue mold decay caused by Penicillium expansum is a major disease of table grapes”
e4“The in vivo studies also showed that WaC + Bs (at 4:1) significantly minimized lesion diameters and decay rates of grapes during the 13-day storage, outperforming individual applications”
e6“The treatments modulated antioxidant and defense enzymatic activities such as PPO, POD, PAL, APX, SOD, and CHI”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatments modulated the antioxidant and defense enzymes APX, SOD and CHI; direction not stated.
- Taxon
- table grapese0
- Treatment
- WaC + Bse4
- Gene
- APX, SOD, and CHIe6
- Outcome
- antioxidant and defense enzymatic activitiese6
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Blue mold decay caused by Penicillium expansum is a major disease of table grapes”
e4“The in vivo studies also showed that WaC + Bs (at 4:1) significantly minimized lesion diameters and decay rates of grapes during the 13-day storage, outperforming individual applications”
e6“The treatments modulated antioxidant and defense enzymatic activities such as PPO, POD, PAL, APX, SOD, and CHI”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenolic and flavonoid contents were elevated in the treated grapes.
Verbatim
e0“Blue mold decay caused by Penicillium expansum is a major disease of table grapes”
e4“The in vivo studies also showed that WaC + Bs (at 4:1) significantly minimized lesion diameters and decay rates of grapes during the 13-day storage, outperforming individual applications”
e7“The elevated phenolic and flavonoid contents, with strong positive correlations among the enzymes, underscored the induced resistance of the host”
Claim · model-written summary
Strong positive correlations were found among the defense enzymes PPO, POD, PAL, APX, SOD and CHI.
Verbatim
e0“Blue mold decay caused by Penicillium expansum is a major disease of table grapes”
e6“The treatments modulated antioxidant and defense enzymatic activities such as PPO, POD, PAL, APX, SOD, and CHI”
e7“The elevated phenolic and flavonoid contents, with strong positive correlations among the enzymes, underscored the induced resistance of the host”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret the induced resistance of the host as explained by the elevated phenolic and flavonoid contents.
Verbatim
e0“Blue mold decay caused by Penicillium expansum is a major disease of table grapes”
e7“The elevated phenolic and flavonoid contents, with strong positive correlations among the enzymes, underscored the induced resistance of the host”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend WaC + Bs as a sustainable postharvest biocontrol to extend grape shelf life and reduce chemical reliance.
Verbatim
e0“Blue mold decay caused by Penicillium expansum is a major disease of table grapes”
e6“These findings highlight the synergistic potential of chitosan-enhanced Wa with Bs for effective, sustainable postharvest biocontrol, extending grape shelf life and reducing chemical reliance”
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