Abstract
Background/Objectives: The wall-associated kinases (WAKs) and WAK-like proteins (WAKLs) comprise a unique receptor-like kinase subfamily in plants, which have been shown to regulate plant development and defense responses by sensing cell wall-derived components, such as pectin or pectin fragments. In this study, we aimed to characterize the function of WAKL10 in flg22-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis. Methods: Through functional analyses of WAKL genes in Arabidopsis, we identified WAKL10 as the most pronouncedly induced WAKL member in response to flg22 treatment. Gain- and loss-of-function genetic analyses were performed to assess its role in flg22-triggered immune responses, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, and defense gene induction. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing a kinase domain-deleted mutant (WAKL10-ΔK) were generated. Co-immunoprecipitation assays were conducted to examine interactions with FLAGELLIN-SENSITIVE 2 (FLS2) and BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (BAK1). Heterologous overexpression of WAKL10 in tomato was also tested for bacterial disease resistance. Results: WAKL10 positively regulates flg22-triggered immune responses. Interestingly, WAKL10-ΔK retains the capacity to potentiate these responses. Co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that both wild-type WAKL10 and WAKL10-ΔK constitutively associate with FLS2 and BAK1. Overexpression of WAKL10 in tomato confers enhanced bacterial disease resistance. Conclusions: The extracellular domain of WAKL10 promotes FLS2-BAK1 complex formation, thereby contributing to flg22 signaling. This study reveals a new function of WAKLs, distinguished from their proposed role in sensing cell wall components. The functional conservation of WAKL10 suggests its potential application in engineering disease resistance in crop plants.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
WAKL10 positively regulates flg22-triggered immune responses in Arabidopsis
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsist0 - Treatment
- flg22e1
- Gene
- WAKL10e1
- Outcome
- immune responsese1
- Direction
- positively regulatese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Arabidopsis”
e1“WAKL10 positively regulates flg22-triggered immune responses”
Claim · model-written summary
WAKL10 is the most strongly induced WAKL member after flg22 treatment in Arabidopsis
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- flg22 treatmente2
- Gene
- WAKL10e2
- Outcome
- most pronouncedly induced WAKL membere2
- Direction
- inducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Arabidopsis”
e2“we identified WAKL10 as the most pronouncedly induced WAKL member in response to flg22 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
WAKL10-ΔK retains the capacity to potentiate flg22-triggered responses in Arabidopsis
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- WAKL10-ΔKe3
- Gene
- WAKL10-ΔKe3
- Outcome
- these responsese3
- Direction
- potentiatee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Arabidopsis”
e3“Interestingly, WAKL10-ΔK retains the capacity to potentiate these responses”
Claim · model-written summary
Wild-type WAKL10 and WAKL10-ΔK constitutively associate with FLS2 and BAK1
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- WAKL10e4
- Outcome
- constitutively associatee4
- Qualifier
- with FLS2 and BAK1e4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Arabidopsis”
e4“both wild-type WAKL10 and WAKL10-ΔK constitutively associate with FLS2 and BAK1”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpression of WAKL10 in tomato confers enhanced bacterial disease resistance
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume5 - Treatment
- Overexpression of WAKL10e5
- Gene
- WAKL10e5
- Outcome
- bacterial disease resistancee5
- Direction
- enhancede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Overexpression of WAKL10 in tomato confers enhanced bacterial disease resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
The extracellular domain of WAKL10 promotes FLS2-BAK1 complex formation and contributes to flg22 signaling
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- extracellular domain of WAKL10e6
- Outcome
- FLS2-BAK1 complex formatione6
- Direction
- promotese6
- Qualifier
- thereby contributing to flg22 signalinge6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Arabidopsis”
e6“The extracellular domain of WAKL10 promotes FLS2-BAK1 complex formation, thereby contributing to flg22 signaling”
The same questions in other papers
resistance inducer · disease · ArabidopsisPositive and negative results
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