Abstract
Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) is a crucial water-saving irrigation strategy in rice production, yet its regulatory mechanisms during drought–rewatering cycles remain unclear, particularly across recovery stages. Using a polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) hydroponic system, we analyzed physiological, metabolomic, and transcriptomic responses of Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica under control, continuous drought, and rewatering treatments. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) recovered within one day after rewatering, and subsequently exceeded control levels, indicating a photosynthetic compensatory effect. In contrast, instantaneous water-use efficiency (WUE) showed only a transient increase before declining thereafter and remaining lower than under continuous drought, revealing an asynchronous recovery in which carbon assimilation precedes the recovery of transpiration. Metabolomic analysis indicated a shift from drought-induced accumulation to recovery-driven metabolic reprogramming, with coordinated up-regulation of central carbon metabolism and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Decreases in citrate, malate, and glutamate suggested their sustained utilization to support nitrogen assimilation and chlorophyll synthesis. Transcriptomic data further revealed large-scale reprogramming during late recovery, including up-regulation of nitrogen assimilation genes (e.g., NIA, NiR), linking carbon–nitrogen coordination with photosynthetic compensation. Overall, these results demonstrate that stage-specific integration of physiological recovery, metabolic restructuring, and transcriptional regulation underlies AWD-induced efficiency and identify early rewatering as a critical window for optimizing WUE.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
In rice under PEG-induced drought, net photosynthetic rate recovered within one day after rewatering and subsequently exceeded control levels, indicating a photosynthetic compensatory effect.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica
_by_Augustus_Binu.jpg?width=60)
Oryza sativa Japonica Groupe0 - Treatment
- rewateringe1
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate (Pn)e1
- Direction
- exceedede1
- Comparator
- control levelse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_by_Augustus_Binu.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica”
e1“The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) recovered within one day after rewatering, and subsequently exceeded control levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Instantaneous water-use efficiency (WUE) of rice showed only a transient increase before declining and remaining lower than under continuous drought.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonicaOryza sativa Japonica Groupe0
- Outcome
- instantaneous water-use efficiency (WUE)e1
- Qualifier
- transient increase before declining thereaftere1
- Comparator
- continuous droughte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica”
e1“instantaneous water-use efficiency (WUE) showed only a transient increase before declining thereafter and remaining lower than under continuous drought”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolomic analysis of rice showed coordinated up-regulation of central carbon metabolism and chlorophyll biosynthesis during recovery.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonicaOryza sativa Japonica Groupe0
- Outcome
- central carbon metabolism and chlorophyll biosynthesise1
- Direction
- up-regulatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica”
e1“coordinated up-regulation of central carbon metabolism and chlorophyll biosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Citrate, malate and glutamate decreased in rice during recovery.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonicaOryza sativa Japonica Groupe0
- Outcome
- citrate, malate, and glutamatee1
- Direction
- Decreasese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica”
e1“Decreases in citrate, malate, and glutamate”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptomic data showed up-regulation of nitrogen assimilation genes such as NIA and NiR in rice during late recovery.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonicaOryza sativa Japonica Groupe0
- Gene
- NIA, NiRe1
- Outcome
- nitrogen assimilation genese1
- Direction
- up-regulatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica”
e1“up-regulation of nitrogen assimilation genes (e.g., NIA, NiR)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify early rewatering as a critical window for optimizing water-use efficiency in rice.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonicaOryza sativa Japonica Groupe0
- Outcome
- early rewatering as a critical window for optimizing WUEe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica”
e1“identify early rewatering as a critical window for optimizing WUE”
The same questions in other papers
rewatering · physiology: photosynthesis · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
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See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.