Abstract
This study evaluated the phytoremediation potential of the halophytic plant Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. for treating industrial wastewater (IWW) in a hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure period. After treatment, the physicochemical analysis of IWW revealed a significant decrease in chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), TSs (total solids), total dissolved solids (TDSs), TSSs (total suspended solids), ammonia, phosphate, and nitrate. The COD and BOD were reduced by 90.7% and 82.9%, respectively. The metal analysis indicated a significant decrease in Fe (95%), Mn (87.4%), and Al (93.9%) and complete removal of Ni, Pd, and Zn. The plant stress responses were assessed through the estimation of photosynthetic pigments (Chlorophyll-a, Chlorophyll-b, Total chlorophyll), phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity. Total chlorophyll declined from 1.449 mg/g (control) to 1.20 mg/g on Day 3, followed by partial recovery to 1.25 mg/g by Day 9, indicating physiological acclimatization. Total phenolic content reached 14 mg GAE/g in leaves and 12 mg GAE/g in stems on Day 6, while Total flavonoid content increased from ~70 µg/g (control) to 115 µg/g on in leaves. The metabolic profiling using GC-MS/MS revealed distinct time- and tissue-specific metabolic responses, with 53 metabolites identified in roots and 62 metabolites in leaves. The major differentially accumulated metabolites were sucrose, pinitol, talose and psicose, with peak accumulation at Day 6. A biphasic metabolic response pattern, characterized by early stress perception followed by adaptability, was observed. Phytotoxicity assays using Vigna radiata demonstrated improved germination from 15% (untreated IWW) to 95% after treatment. Overall, the study highlights the strong phytoremediation potential of halophyte S. portulacastrum as an environmentally friendly alternative for industrial wastewater remediation.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroponic exposure reduced COD in industrial wastewater by 90.7%.
- Taxon
- Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.
Sesuvium portulacastrume0 - Treatment
- hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure periode0
- Outcome
- CODe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 90.7%e1
- Setting
- hydroponic systeme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“halophytic plant Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. for treating industrial wastewater (IWW) in a hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure period”
e1“The COD and BOD were reduced by 90.7% and 82.9%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroponic exposure reduced BOD in industrial wastewater by 82.9%.
- Taxon
- Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.Sesuvium portulacastrume0
- Treatment
- hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure periode0
- Outcome
- BODe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 82.9%e1
- Setting
- hydroponic systeme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“halophytic plant Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. for treating industrial wastewater (IWW) in a hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure period”
e1“The COD and BOD were reduced by 90.7% and 82.9%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroponic exposure significantly decreased Fe in industrial wastewater by 95%.
- Taxon
- Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.Sesuvium portulacastrume0
- Treatment
- hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure periode0
- Outcome
- Fee2
- Direction
- decreasee2
- Value
- 95%e2
- Setting
- hydroponic systeme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“halophytic plant Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. for treating industrial wastewater (IWW) in a hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure period”
e2“The metal analysis indicated a significant decrease in Fe (95%), Mn (87.4%), and Al (93.9%) and complete removal of Ni, Pd, and Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroponic exposure significantly decreased Mn in industrial wastewater by 87.4%.
- Taxon
- Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.Sesuvium portulacastrume0
- Treatment
- hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure periode0
- Outcome
- Mne2
- Direction
- decreasee2
- Value
- 87.4%e2
- Setting
- hydroponic systeme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“halophytic plant Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. for treating industrial wastewater (IWW) in a hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure period”
e2“The metal analysis indicated a significant decrease in Fe (95%), Mn (87.4%), and Al (93.9%) and complete removal of Ni, Pd, and Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroponic exposure significantly decreased Al in industrial wastewater by 93.9%.
- Taxon
- Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.Sesuvium portulacastrume0
- Treatment
- hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure periode0
- Outcome
- Ale2
- Direction
- decreasee2
- Value
- 93.9%e2
- Setting
- hydroponic systeme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“halophytic plant Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. for treating industrial wastewater (IWW) in a hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure period”
e2“The metal analysis indicated a significant decrease in Fe (95%), Mn (87.4%), and Al (93.9%) and complete removal of Ni, Pd, and Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroponic exposure caused complete removal of Ni, Pd and Zn from industrial wastewater.
- Taxon
- Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.Sesuvium portulacastrume0
- Treatment
- hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure periode0
- Outcome
- Ni, Pd, and Zne2
- Direction
- complete removale2
- Setting
- hydroponic systeme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“halophytic plant Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. for treating industrial wastewater (IWW) in a hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure period”
e2“The metal analysis indicated a significant decrease in Fe (95%), Mn (87.4%), and Al (93.9%) and complete removal of Ni, Pd, and Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroponic exposure significantly decreased TSs, TDSs and TSSs in industrial wastewater.
- Taxon
- Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.Sesuvium portulacastrume0
- Treatment
- hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure periode0
- Outcome
- TSs (total solids), total dissolved solids (TDSs), TSSs (total suspended solids)e3
- Direction
- decreasee3
- Setting
- hydroponic systeme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“halophytic plant Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. for treating industrial wastewater (IWW) in a hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure period”
e3“After treatment, the physicochemical analysis of IWW revealed a significant decrease in chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), TSs (total solids), total dissolved solids (TDSs), TSSs (total suspended solids), ammonia, phosphate, and nitrate”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroponic exposure significantly decreased ammonia, phosphate and nitrate in industrial wastewater.
- Taxon
- Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.Sesuvium portulacastrume0
- Treatment
- hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure periode0
- Outcome
- ammonia, phosphate, and nitratee3
- Direction
- decreasee3
- Setting
- hydroponic systeme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“halophytic plant Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. for treating industrial wastewater (IWW) in a hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure period”
e3“After treatment, the physicochemical analysis of IWW revealed a significant decrease in chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), TSs (total solids), total dissolved solids (TDSs), TSSs (total suspended solids), ammonia, phosphate, and nitrate”
Claim · model-written summary
Total chlorophyll of the plant declined from the control value to 1.20 mg/g on Day 3 of exposure.
- Taxon
- Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.Sesuvium portulacastrume0
- Treatment
- hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure periode0
- Outcome
- Total chlorophylle4
- Direction
- declinede4
- Value
- 1.20 mg/ge4
- Comparator
- controle4
- Setting
- hydroponic systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“halophytic plant Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. for treating industrial wastewater (IWW) in a hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure period”
e4“Total chlorophyll declined from 1.449 mg/g (control) to 1.20 mg/g on Day 3, followed by partial recovery to 1.25 mg/g by Day 9”
Claim · model-written summary
Total chlorophyll partially recovered to 1.25 mg/g by Day 9 after its Day 3 decline.
- Taxon
- Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.Sesuvium portulacastrume0
- Treatment
- hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure periode0
- Outcome
- Total chlorophylle4
- Direction
- partial recoverye4
- Value
- 1.25 mg/ge4
- Comparator
- Day 3e4
- Setting
- hydroponic systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“halophytic plant Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. for treating industrial wastewater (IWW) in a hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure period”
e4“Total chlorophyll declined from 1.449 mg/g (control) to 1.20 mg/g on Day 3, followed by partial recovery to 1.25 mg/g by Day 9”
Claim · model-written summary
Total phenolic content in leaves reached 14 mg GAE/g on Day 6.
- Taxon
- Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.Sesuvium portulacastrume0
- Organ / stage
- leavese5
- Outcome
- Total phenolic contente5
- Direction
- reachede5
- Value
- 14 mg GAE/ge5
- Qualifier
- Day 6e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“halophytic plant Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. for treating industrial wastewater (IWW) in a hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure period”
e5“Total phenolic content reached 14 mg GAE/g in leaves and 12 mg GAE/g in stems on Day 6”
Claim · model-written summary
Total phenolic content in stems reached 12 mg GAE/g on Day 6.
- Taxon
- Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.Sesuvium portulacastrume0
- Organ / stage
- stemse5
- Outcome
- Total phenolic contente5
- Direction
- reachede5
- Value
- 12 mg GAE/ge5
- Qualifier
- Day 6e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“halophytic plant Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. for treating industrial wastewater (IWW) in a hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure period”
e5“Total phenolic content reached 14 mg GAE/g in leaves and 12 mg GAE/g in stems on Day 6”
Claim · model-written summary
Total flavonoid content in leaves increased from about 70 µg/g in controls to 115 µg/g during exposure.
- Taxon
- Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.Sesuvium portulacastrume0
- Organ / stage
- leavese6
- Treatment
- hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure periode0
- Outcome
- Total flavonoid contente6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 115 µg/ge6
- Comparator
- controle6
- Setting
- hydroponic systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“halophytic plant Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. for treating industrial wastewater (IWW) in a hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure period”
e6“Total flavonoid content increased from ~70 µg/g (control) to 115 µg/g on in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Roots yielded 53 identified metabolites in GC-MS/MS profiling.
- Taxon
- Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.Sesuvium portulacastrume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse7
- Outcome
- metabolites identifiede7
- Value
- 53 metabolitese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“halophytic plant Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. for treating industrial wastewater (IWW) in a hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure period”
e7“The metabolic profiling using GC-MS/MS revealed distinct time- and tissue-specific metabolic responses, with 53 metabolites identified in roots and 62 metabolites in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaves yielded 62 identified metabolites in GC-MS/MS profiling.
- Taxon
- Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.Sesuvium portulacastrume0
- Organ / stage
- leavese7
- Outcome
- metabolites identifiede7
- Value
- 62 metabolitese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“halophytic plant Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. for treating industrial wastewater (IWW) in a hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure period”
e7“The metabolic profiling using GC-MS/MS revealed distinct time- and tissue-specific metabolic responses, with 53 metabolites identified in roots and 62 metabolites in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose, pinitol and talose were major differentially accumulated metabolites, peaking at Day 6.
- Taxon
- Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.Sesuvium portulacastrume0
- Outcome
- sucrose, pinitol, talosee1
- Qualifier
- peak accumulation at Day 6e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“halophytic plant Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. for treating industrial wastewater (IWW) in a hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure period”
e1“The major differentially accumulated metabolites were sucrose, pinitol, talose and psicose, with peak accumulation at Day 6”
Claim · model-written summary
Psicose was a major differentially accumulated metabolite, peaking at Day 6.
- Taxon
- Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.Sesuvium portulacastrume0
- Outcome
- psicosee1
- Qualifier
- peak accumulation at Day 6e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“halophytic plant Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. for treating industrial wastewater (IWW) in a hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure period”
e1“The major differentially accumulated metabolites were sucrose, pinitol, talose and psicose, with peak accumulation at Day 6”
Claim · model-written summary
The metabolic response to exposure followed a biphasic pattern of early stress perception then adaptability.
- Taxon
- Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.Sesuvium portulacastrume0
- Outcome
- biphasic metabolic response patterne1
- Qualifier
- early stress perception followed by adaptabilitye1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“halophytic plant Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. for treating industrial wastewater (IWW) in a hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure period”
e1“A biphasic metabolic response pattern, characterized by early stress perception followed by adaptability, was observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination of Vigna radiata seeds improved from 15% in untreated IWW to 95% after phytoremediation treatment.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiatae1 - Treatment
- after treatmente1
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 95%e1
- Qualifier
- from 15%e1
- Comparator
- untreated IWWe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“halophytic plant Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. for treating industrial wastewater (IWW) in a hydroponic system over a nine-day exposure period”
e1“Phytotoxicity assays using Vigna radiata demonstrated improved germination from 15% (untreated IWW) to 95% after treatment”