Abstract
Abstract Purpose Salinity severelyconstrains viticulture in calcareous soils by disrupting rhizosphere microbial community, nutrient availability, and physio-biochemical homeostasis, thereby reducing fruit yield. This study aimed to (i) assess the effects of soil-applied citric acid (CA) and halotolerant/halophilic citrate-utilizing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (CU-PGPR; Bacillus spizizenii and Halomonas marinus ) on the microbial community and chemical properties of saline-calcareous soil, (ii) evaluate vine physio-biochemical responses to the individual and combined treatments, and (iii) determine their impacts on yield and fruit quality. Methods A 2-field experiment (2023/2024 and 2024/2025) on Vitis vinifera at the Faculty of Agriculture’s Experimental Farm (32°42′ N, 29°75′ E), Fayoum University, Egypt. This study evaluated three CA rates: 0 (CA 0 ), 100 (CA 100 ), and 200 (CA 200 ) g vine⁻¹ season⁻¹ and three inoculation treatments: non-inoculated (NI), H. marinus , or B. spizizenii . Measurements included rhizospheric bacterial counts, soil chemistry (pH, electrical conductivity; EC e , and macro- and micro-nutrient availability), leaf and petiole nutrients, physio-biochemical traits, yield, and fruit quality. Results Co-application of CA 200 × B. spizizenii exhibited the strongest synergistic effects. Total bacterial count and specific functional groups markedly increased. Soil pH declined by 6.1%, while available N, K⁺, Fe²⁺, and Zn²⁺ increased by 817%, 105%, 659%, and 720%, respectively. The CA 200 × H. marinus resulted in the highest available P (310% above CA 0 × NI), though EC e was unaffected. Enhanced nutrient bioavailability improved ionic balance, raising the leaf K⁺/Na⁺ ratio by 78% and the Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratio by 74.7%, while reducing Na⁺ by 31% compared with CA 0 × NI. Physio-biochemically, CA 200 × B. spizizenii boosted vine water content, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant capacity, and photosynthetic efficiency over CA 0 × NI. Consequently, grape yield, pruning weight, fruit TSS/acid ratio, and firmness increased by 97%, 81%, 99%, and 24%, respectively, averaged across both seasons, over CA 0 × NI. Conclusion Co-application of 200 g CA vine − 1 season⁻¹ with B. spizizenii inoculation effectively revitalizes microbial activity and enhances nutrient bioavailability, offering a promising strategy for sustaining viticulture under saline-calcareous soil conditions.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
CA 200 with B. spizizenii increased total bacterial counts and functional groups.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera
Vitis viniferat0 - Treatment
- CA 200 × B. spizizeniie0
- Interactor
- B. spizizeniiBacillus spizizeniie0symbiont
- Outcome
- Total bacterial count and specific functional groupse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-application of CA 200 × B. spizizenii exhibited the strongest synergistic effects. Total bacterial count and specific functional groups markedly increased.”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
CA 200 with B. spizizenii lowered soil pH by 6.1%.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- CA 200 × B. spizizeniie0
- Interactor
- B. spizizeniiBacillus spizizeniie0symbiont
- Outcome
- Soil pHe0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 6.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-application of CA 200 × B. spizizenii exhibited the strongest synergistic effects. Total bacterial count and specific functional groups markedly increased. Soil pH declined by 6.1%”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
CA 200 with B. spizizenii increased available N by 817%.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- CA 200 × B. spizizeniie1
- Interactor
- B. spizizeniiBacillus spizizeniie1symbiont
- Outcome
- available Ne0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 817%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“available N, K⁺, Fe²⁺, and Zn²⁺ increased by 817%, 105%, 659%, and 720%, respectively”
e1“Co-application of CA 200 × B. spizizenii exhibited the strongest synergistic effects”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
CA 200 with B. spizizenii increased available K⁺ by 105%.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- CA 200 × B. spizizeniie1
- Interactor
- B. spizizeniiBacillus spizizeniie1symbiont
- Outcome
- K⁺e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 105%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“available N, K⁺, Fe²⁺, and Zn²⁺ increased by 817%, 105%, 659%, and 720%, respectively”
e1“Co-application of CA 200 × B. spizizenii exhibited the strongest synergistic effects”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
CA 200 with B. spizizenii increased available Fe²⁺ by 659%.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- CA 200 × B. spizizeniie1
- Interactor
- B. spizizeniiBacillus spizizeniie1symbiont
- Outcome
- Fe²⁺e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 659%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“available N, K⁺, Fe²⁺, and Zn²⁺ increased by 817%, 105%, 659%, and 720%, respectively”
e1“Co-application of CA 200 × B. spizizenii exhibited the strongest synergistic effects”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
CA 200 with B. spizizenii increased available Zn²⁺ by 720%.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- CA 200 × B. spizizeniie1
- Interactor
- B. spizizeniiBacillus spizizeniie1symbiont
- Outcome
- Zn²⁺e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 720%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“available N, K⁺, Fe²⁺, and Zn²⁺ increased by 817%, 105%, 659%, and 720%, respectively”
e1“Co-application of CA 200 × B. spizizenii exhibited the strongest synergistic effects”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
CA 200 with H. marinus yielded the highest available P, 310% above CA 0 with no inoculation.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- CA 200 × H. marinuse0
- Interactor
- H. marinuse0symbiont
- Outcome
- available Pe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 310%e0
- Comparator
- CA 0 × NIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The CA 200 × H. marinus resulted in the highest available P (310% above CA 0 × NI)”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Electrical conductivity was unaffected under CA 200 with H. marinus.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- CA 200 × H. marinuse0
- Interactor
- H. marinuse0symbiont
- Outcome
- EC ee0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The CA 200 × H. marinus resulted in the highest available P (310% above CA 0 × NI), though EC e was unaffected”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf K⁺/Na⁺ ratio rose by 78% relative to CA 0 × NI.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- CA 200 × B. spizizeniie1
- Interactor
- B. spizizeniiBacillus spizizeniie1symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf K⁺/Na⁺ ratioe0
- Direction
- raisinge0
- Value
- 78%e0
- Comparator
- CA 0 × NIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“raising the leaf K⁺/Na⁺ ratio by 78% and the Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratio by 74.7%, while reducing Na⁺ by 31% compared with CA 0 × NI”
e1“Co-application of CA 200 × B. spizizenii exhibited the strongest synergistic effects”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratio rose by 74.7% relative to CA 0 × NI.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- CA 200 × B. spizizeniie1
- Interactor
- B. spizizeniiBacillus spizizeniie1symbiont
- Outcome
- Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratioe0
- Direction
- raisinge0
- Value
- 74.7%e0
- Comparator
- CA 0 × NIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“raising the leaf K⁺/Na⁺ ratio by 78% and the Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratio by 74.7%, while reducing Na⁺ by 31% compared with CA 0 × NI”
e1“Co-application of CA 200 × B. spizizenii exhibited the strongest synergistic effects”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf Na⁺ fell by 31% relative to CA 0 × NI.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- CA 200 × B. spizizeniie1
- Interactor
- B. spizizeniiBacillus spizizeniie1symbiont
- Outcome
- Na⁺e0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 31%e0
- Comparator
- CA 0 × NIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“raising the leaf K⁺/Na⁺ ratio by 78% and the Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratio by 74.7%, while reducing Na⁺ by 31% compared with CA 0 × NI”
e1“Co-application of CA 200 × B. spizizenii exhibited the strongest synergistic effects”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
CA 200 with B. spizizenii boosted vine water content, osmotic adjustment and antioxidant capacity over CA 0 × NI.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- CA 200 × B. spizizeniie0
- Interactor
- B. spizizeniiBacillus spizizeniie0symbiont
- Outcome
- vine water content, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- boostede0
- Comparator
- CA 0 × NIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CA 200 × B. spizizenii boosted vine water content, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant capacity, and photosynthetic efficiency over CA 0 × NI”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
CA 200 with B. spizizenii boosted photosynthetic efficiency over CA 0 × NI.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- CA 200 × B. spizizeniie0
- Interactor
- B. spizizeniiBacillus spizizeniie0symbiont
- Outcome
- photosynthetic efficiencye0
- Direction
- boostede0
- Comparator
- CA 0 × NIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CA 200 × B. spizizenii boosted vine water content, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant capacity, and photosynthetic efficiency over CA 0 × NI”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grape yield increased 97% with CA 200 and B. spizizenii.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- CA 200 × B. spizizeniie1
- Interactor
- B. spizizeniiBacillus spizizeniie1symbiont
- Outcome
- grape yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 97%e0
- Comparator
- CA 0 × NIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grape yield, pruning weight, fruit TSS/acid ratio, and firmness increased by 97%, 81%, 99%, and 24%, respectively, averaged across both seasons, over CA 0 × NI”
e1“CA 200 × B. spizizenii boosted vine water content”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pruning weight increased 81% with CA 200 and B. spizizenii.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- CA 200 × B. spizizeniie1
- Interactor
- B. spizizeniiBacillus spizizeniie1symbiont
- Outcome
- pruning weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 81%e0
- Comparator
- CA 0 × NIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grape yield, pruning weight, fruit TSS/acid ratio, and firmness increased by 97%, 81%, 99%, and 24%, respectively, averaged across both seasons, over CA 0 × NI”
e1“CA 200 × B. spizizenii boosted vine water content”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit TSS/acid ratio increased 99% with CA 200 and B. spizizenii.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- CA 200 × B. spizizeniie1
- Interactor
- B. spizizeniiBacillus spizizeniie1symbiont
- Outcome
- fruit TSS/acid ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 99%e0
- Comparator
- CA 0 × NIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grape yield, pruning weight, fruit TSS/acid ratio, and firmness increased by 97%, 81%, 99%, and 24%, respectively, averaged across both seasons, over CA 0 × NI”
e1“CA 200 × B. spizizenii boosted vine water content”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit firmness increased 24% with CA 200 and B. spizizenii.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- CA 200 × B. spizizeniie1
- Interactor
- B. spizizeniiBacillus spizizeniie1symbiont
- Outcome
- firmnesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 24%e0
- Comparator
- CA 0 × NIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grape yield, pruning weight, fruit TSS/acid ratio, and firmness increased by 97%, 81%, 99%, and 24%, respectively, averaged across both seasons, over CA 0 × NI”
e1“CA 200 × B. spizizenii boosted vine water content”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend citric acid with B. spizizenii inoculation for saline-calcareous viticulture.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- Co-application of 200 g CA vine − 1 season⁻¹ with B. spizizenii inoculatione0
- Interactor
- B. spizizeniiBacillus spizizeniie0symbiont
- Outcome
- promising strategy for sustaining viticulturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-application of 200 g CA vine − 1 season⁻¹ with B. spizizenii inoculation effectively revitalizes microbial activity and enhances nutrient bioavailability, offering a promising strategy for sustaining viticulture under saline-calcareous soil conditions”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
The same questions in other papers
citric acid · quality: sugar starch · Vitis vinifera (wine grape)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
citric acid · yield · Vitis vinifera (wine grape)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
citric acid · nutrient: content · Vitis vinifera (wine grape)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.