Abstract
Enhancing flour quality is key to bread wheat marketability. It requires evaluating agronomic traits, bread-making quality (BMQ), and baking parameters to develop high-yielding varieties. This study assessed genetic variation and the effects of drought stress on these traits in a core collection of wheat cultivars, landraces, and lines. Field experiments used a split-plot design with three replications over two seasons under well-irrigated (WI) and drought-stress (DS) regimes (irrigation ceased at flowering). Genotype-by-irrigation interactions revealed significant genetic heterogeneity under water-limited conditions. Trait ranges varied with regime: the gluten index (GI) and grain hardness (GH) were broader under WI, while protein content, Zeleny sedimentation value (ZSV), water absorption, and dough development time were broader under DS. Drought increased tensile strength, protein content, and dough stability, indicating inconsistent trait responses. Genotype and genotype-by-environment (GGE) biplot analysis revealed that drought-stressed environments (E2, E4) were most discriminating for grain yield (GY) and GI. Several genotypes (Shiraz for GY; Satin for GI) showed close association with E2 and E4 environments, indicating adaptation to drought. A desirability index combining mean performance and stability identified Shiraz (GY) and Satin (GI) as superior for GY and GI, respectively. However, no single genotype consistently excelled across all traits, confirming trait-specific adaptation. Genetic coefficient of variation was higher for BMQ than agronomic traits in both regimes. Heritability was high for ZSV (> 0.90), GI (> 0.80), and spikelet number per spike (> 0.70) across regimes but inconsistent for other traits. Canonical correlation analysis identified two significant pairs, linking ZSV and GH indirectly with yield components. The multi-Trait Genotype-Ideotype Distance Index (MGIDI)-based selection identified top performers (Danesh, Line 181, Shiraz). It also quantified irrigation-dependent outcomes: drought drove gains in GI (+ 60.0%) and yield traits but increased GH (+ 16.1%). In contrast, WI favored yield with reduced GH (-8.7%). These findings highlight MGIDI's utility in resolving trait trade-offs for environment-specific breeding. The GGE biplot models effectively visualized mega-environment differentiation and genotype stability, providing a complementary framework to MGIDI for selecting wheat varieties with both drought resilience and BMQ. Results reveal inconsistent interrelationships between agronomic and BMQ traits, notably a yield-quality trade-off (GH, GI) under contrasting irrigation regimes.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype by irrigation interactions showed significant genetic heterogeneity.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- water-limited conditionse0
- Outcome
- genetic heterogeneitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Genotype-by-irrigation interactions revealed significant genetic heterogeneity under water-limited conditions.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Gluten index and grain hardness ranges were broader with full irrigation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- WIe0
- Outcome
- gluten index (GI) and grain hardness (GH)e0
- Direction
- broadere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the gluten index (GI) and grain hardness (GH) were broader under WI”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein content, Zeleny sedimentation, water absorption and dough development ranges were broader under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- DSe0
- Outcome
- protein content, Zeleny sedimentation value (ZSV)e0
- Direction
- broadere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“protein content, Zeleny sedimentation value (ZSV), water absorption, and dough development time were broader under DS.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased tensile strength, protein content and dough stability.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- tensile strength, protein content, and dough stabilitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought increased tensile strength, protein content, and dough stability”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought environments E2 and E4 best discriminated grain yield and gluten index.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grain yield (GY) and GIe0
- Direction
- most discriminatinge0
- Value
- E2, E4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought-stressed environments (E2, E4) were most discriminating for grain yield (GY) and GI.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Shiraz associated with drought environments for yield and Satin for gluten index.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Shiraze0
- Outcome
- GYe0
- Setting
- E2 and E4 environmentse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Several genotypes (Shiraz for GY; Satin for GI) showed close association with E2 and E4 environments, indicating adaptation to drought.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Shiraz ranked superior for yield by the desirability index.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Shiraze0
- Outcome
- GYe0
- Value
- superiore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A desirability index combining mean performance and stability identified Shiraz (GY) and Satin (GI) as superior for GY and GI, respectively.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
No genotype excelled consistently across all traits.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- no single genotype consistently excelled across all traitse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no single genotype consistently excelled across all traits”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Bread making quality had higher genetic coefficient of variation than agronomic traits.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Genetic coefficient of variatione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- agronomic traitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Genetic coefficient of variation was higher for BMQ than agronomic traits in both regimes.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeleny sedimentation heritability exceeded 0.90.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Heritabilitye0
- Value
- > 0.90e0
- Qualifier
- ZSVe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heritability was high for ZSV (> 0.90), GI (> 0.80), and spikelet number per spike (> 0.70) across regimes”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Gluten index heritability exceeded 0.80.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Heritabilitye0
- Value
- > 0.80e0
- Qualifier
- GIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heritability was high for ZSV (> 0.90), GI (> 0.80), and spikelet number per spike (> 0.70) across regimes”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Spikelet number heritability exceeded 0.70.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Heritabilitye0
- Value
- > 0.70e0
- Qualifier
- spikelet number per spikee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heritability was high for ZSV (> 0.90), GI (> 0.80), and spikelet number per spike (> 0.70) across regimes”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Two canonical correlation pairs linked sedimentation and hardness indirectly with yield components.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- yield componentse0
- Value
- two significant pairse0
- Comparator
- ZSV and GHe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Canonical correlation analysis identified two significant pairs, linking ZSV and GH indirectly with yield components.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
MGIDI selected Danesh, Line 181 and Shiraz.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- top performerse0
- Value
- Danesh, Line 181, Shiraze0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The multi-Trait Genotype-Ideotype Distance Index (MGIDI)-based selection identified top performers (Danesh, Line 181, Shiraz).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought selection increased gluten index by 60.0%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought drove gains in GI (+ 60.0%) and yield traits but increased GH (+ 16.1%).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased grain hardness by 16.1%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought drove gains in GI (+ 60.0%) and yield traits but increased GH (+ 16.1%).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Full irrigation favored yield and reduced grain hardness by 8.7%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WI favored yield with reduced GH (-8.7%).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
GGE biplots visualized mega-environment differentiation and genotype stability.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- mega-environment differentiation and genotype stabilitye0
- Value
- effectivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The GGE biplot models effectively visualized mega-environment differentiation and genotype stability”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Agronomic and bread quality traits showed a yield-quality tradeoff under contrasting irrigation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- contrasting irrigation regimese0
- Outcome
- yield-quality trade-offe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results reveal inconsistent interrelationships between agronomic and BMQ traits, notably a yield-quality trade-off (GH, GI) under contrasting irrigation regimes.”
t0“wheat”
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