Abstract
L.), a key grain food crop worldwide, faces increasing threats from combined abiotic stresses exacerbated by climate change. However, the comprehensive effects of drought, salinity, and high-temperature pressure on wheat seedlings remain poorly understood. Using the cultivar "Yannong 1212", we conducted hydroponic experiments to investigate the physiological, morphological, antioxidant, osmoregulatory, membrane lipid peroxidation, and molecular responses of wheat seedlings to single and combined stresses, and then conducted multivariate statistical analyses. The results showed that drought or salt stress inhibited seed germination in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the combined stresses significantly inhibited germination and seedling growth, leading to leaf chlorosis, chlorophyll degradation, stomatal closure, and chloroplast damage. Physiologically, the combined effect of multiple stresses induced excessive ROS and MDA accumulation, promoted proline and soluble sugar synthesis, and triggered the dynamic responses of antioxidant enzymes. Drought stress increased SOD, POD, and CAT activities, whereas salt stress had the opposite effect, and combined stresses further increased SOD and POD activities, but reduced CAT activity. Additionally, stress-responsive genes were rapidly upregulated. Multivariate analyses confirmed that the combined stress of drought and heat was the most damaging. These findings explain the synergistic damage mechanisms of combined stresses, providing a theoretical basis for genetic improvement of wheat's stress tolerance.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Drought inhibited germination in a concentration-dependent manner.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- concentration-dependent mannere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought or salt stress inhibited seed germination in a concentration-dependent manner”
t0“Wheat Under Single”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress inhibited germination in a concentration-dependent manner.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- concentration-dependent mannere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought or salt stress inhibited seed germination in a concentration-dependent manner”
t0“Wheat Under Single”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stresses significantly inhibited germination and seedling growth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined stressese0
- Outcome
- germination and seedling growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined stresses significantly inhibited germination and seedling growth”
t0“Wheat Under Single”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stresses caused chlorosis, chlorophyll degradation, stomatal closure and chloroplast damage.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined stressese1
- Outcome
- leaf chlorosis, chlorophyll degradation, stomatal closure, and chloroplast damagee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leading to leaf chlorosis, chlorophyll degradation, stomatal closure, and chloroplast damage”
t0“Wheat Under Single (Drought, Salt, Heat) and Combined (Drought–Heat, Salt–Heat) Stress”
e1“the combined stresses significantly inhibited germination and seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stresses induced excessive ROS and MDA accumulation.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- multiple stressese0
- Outcome
- ROS and MDA accumulatione0
- Direction
- excessivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined effect of multiple stresses induced excessive ROS and MDA accumulation”
t0“Wheat Under Single”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stresses promoted proline and soluble sugar synthesis.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined stressese1
- Outcome
- proline and soluble sugar synthesise0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoted proline and soluble sugar synthesis”
t0“Wheat Under Single (Drought, Salt, Heat) and Combined (Drought–Heat, Salt–Heat) Stress”
e1“the combined stresses significantly inhibited germination and seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stresses triggered dynamic antioxidant enzyme responses.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined stressese1
- Outcome
- dynamic responses of antioxidant enzymese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“triggered the dynamic responses of antioxidant enzymes”
t0“Wheat Under Single (Drought, Salt, Heat) and Combined (Drought–Heat, Salt–Heat) Stress”
e1“the combined stresses significantly inhibited germination and seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased SOD, POD and CAT activities.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Drought stresse0
- Outcome
- SOD, POD, and CAT activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress increased SOD, POD, and CAT activities”
t0“Wheat Under Single”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased SOD, POD and CAT activities.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- SOD, POD, and CAT activitiese0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress increased SOD, POD, and CAT activities, whereas salt stress had the opposite effect”
t0“Wheat Under Single”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stresses further increased SOD and POD activity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined stressese0
- Outcome
- SOD and POD activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined stresses further increased SOD and POD activities”
t0“Wheat Under Single”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stresses reduced CAT activity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined stressese1
- Outcome
- CAT activitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but reduced CAT activity”
t0“Wheat Under Single (Drought, Salt, Heat) and Combined (Drought–Heat, Salt–Heat) Stress”
e1“the combined stresses significantly inhibited germination and seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Stress-responsive genes were rapidly upregulated.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- stress-responsive genese0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stress-responsive genes were rapidly upregulated”
t0“Wheat Under Single”
Claim · model-written summary
Multivariate analysis identified combined drought and heat as most damaging.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined stress of drought and heate0
- Outcome
- most damaginge0
- Direction
- most damaginge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Multivariate analyses confirmed that the combined stress of drought and heat was the most damaging”
t0“Wheat Under Single”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.