Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield and processing quality varied across environments, especially along altitudinal gradients. This study evaluated the combined effects of altitude above sea level and nitrogen (N) topdressing on yield and quality traits of winter wheat with strong, medium and weak gluten content. Six cultivars were tested for two growing seasons at Renqiu (4 m), Beijing (40 m) and Lhasa (3688 m). Raw-data verification showed that Lhasa reduced mean grain yield by 44.1% compared with Beijing, mainly through reductions in spike number, grains per spike and thousand-grain weight. High altitude increased total grain protein by 17.5% compared with Beijing, especially through increases in albumin and globulin fractions, but this increase did not translate into better processing quality. Strong and medium gluten wheat showed reduced gluten index, shorter dough stability time and higher weakening degree at Lhasa, whereas weak gluten wheat maintained relatively better stability under high-altitude stress. Nitrogen responses differed among gluten types: strong gluten wheat benefited more from 240 kg/ha N, medium gluten wheat performed similarly under 180-240 kg/ha N, and weak gluten wheat showed a more stable response under high-altitude conditions. Multivariate analyses separated the Lhasa environment from Renqiu and Beijing and indicated a clear yield-quality trade-off. These results suggested that cultivar selection and N management should be adjusted jointly according to altitude above sea level and gluten type.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Lhasa reduced mean wheat grain yield by 44.1% compared with Beijing.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- mean grain yielde1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 44.1%e1
- Comparator
- Beijinge1
- Setting
- Lhasae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Response of yield and quality of wheat”
e1“Lhasa reduced mean grain yield by 44.1% compared with Beijing, mainly through reductions in spike number, grains per spike and thousand-grain weight”
Claim · model-written summary
The yield reduction at Lhasa was mainly through fewer spikes, grains per spike and lower thousand-grain weight.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- mean grain yielde1
- Qualifier
- reductions in spike number, grains per spike and thousand-grain weighte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Response of yield and quality of wheat”
e1“Lhasa reduced mean grain yield by 44.1% compared with Beijing, mainly through reductions in spike number, grains per spike and thousand-grain weight”
Claim · model-written summary
High altitude increased total grain protein by 17.5% compared with Beijing.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- High altitudee2
- Outcome
- total grain proteine2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 17.5%e2
- Comparator
- Beijinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Response of yield and quality of wheat”
e2“High altitude increased total grain protein by 17.5% compared with Beijing, especially through increases in albumin and globulin fractions, but this increase did not translate into better processing quality”
Claim · model-written summary
The increase in total grain protein at high altitude was especially through increases in albumin and globulin fractions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- total grain proteine2
- Qualifier
- increases in albumin and globulin fractionse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Response of yield and quality of wheat”
e2“High altitude increased total grain protein by 17.5% compared with Beijing, especially through increases in albumin and globulin fractions, but this increase did not translate into better processing quality”
Claim · model-written summary
The increase in grain protein at high altitude did not translate into better processing quality.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- processing qualitye2
- Qualifier
- did not translate into bettere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Response of yield and quality of wheat”
e2“High altitude increased total grain protein by 17.5% compared with Beijing, especially through increases in albumin and globulin fractions, but this increase did not translate into better processing quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Strong and medium gluten wheat showed a reduced gluten index at Lhasa.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Strong and medium gluten wheate3
- Outcome
- gluten indexe3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Setting
- Lhasae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Response of yield and quality of wheat”
e3“Strong and medium gluten wheat showed reduced gluten index, shorter dough stability time and higher weakening degree at Lhasa”
Claim · model-written summary
Strong and medium gluten wheat showed a shorter dough stability time at Lhasa.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Strong and medium gluten wheate3
- Outcome
- dough stability timee3
- Direction
- shortere3
- Setting
- Lhasae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Response of yield and quality of wheat”
e3“Strong and medium gluten wheat showed reduced gluten index, shorter dough stability time and higher weakening degree at Lhasa”
Claim · model-written summary
Strong and medium gluten wheat showed a higher weakening degree at Lhasa.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Strong and medium gluten wheate3
- Outcome
- weakening degreee3
- Direction
- highere3
- Setting
- Lhasae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Response of yield and quality of wheat”
e3“Strong and medium gluten wheat showed reduced gluten index, shorter dough stability time and higher weakening degree at Lhasa”
Claim · model-written summary
Weak gluten wheat maintained relatively better stability under high-altitude stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- weak gluten wheate4
- Outcome
- stabilitye4
- Direction
- bettere4
- Setting
- high-altitude stresse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Response of yield and quality of wheat”
e4“weak gluten wheat maintained relatively better stability under high-altitude stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Strong gluten wheat benefited more from 240 kg/ha N.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- strong gluten wheate5
- Treatment
- 240 kg/ha Ne5
- Outcome
- Nitrogen responsese5
- Direction
- benefited moree5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Response of yield and quality of wheat”
e5“Nitrogen responses differed among gluten types: strong gluten wheat benefited more from 240 kg/ha N”
Claim · model-written summary
Weak gluten wheat showed a more stable response under high-altitude conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- weak gluten wheate7
- Outcome
- responsee7
- Direction
- more stablee7
- Setting
- high-altitude conditionse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Response of yield and quality of wheat”
e7“weak gluten wheat showed a more stable response under high-altitude conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Multivariate analyses separated the Lhasa environment from Renqiu and Beijing.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Multivariate analysese6
- Direction
- separatede6
- Setting
- Lhasa environmente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Response of yield and quality of wheat”
e6“Multivariate analyses separated the Lhasa environment from Renqiu and Beijing and indicated a clear yield-quality trade-off”
Claim · model-written summary
A clear yield-quality trade-off was indicated.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- yield-quality trade-offe6
- Qualifier
- cleare6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Response of yield and quality of wheat”
e6“Multivariate analyses separated the Lhasa environment from Renqiu and Beijing and indicated a clear yield-quality trade-off”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar selection and N management should be adjusted jointly according to altitude and gluten type.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- cultivar selection and N management should be adjusted jointlye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Response of yield and quality of wheat”
e7“cultivar selection and N management should be adjusted jointly according to altitude above sea level and gluten type”