Abstract
Traditional water-nitrogen models cause high nitrogen loss, carbon emissions, and low efficiency. To balance peanut yield, efficiency, and carbon reduction, a two-year split-plot field experiment was conducted with "Nonghua 9". Main plots were full irrigation (W0) and regulated deficit irrigation (W1); subplots were four nitrogen (N) rates (0–150 kg·hm -2 ). Ammonia volatilization (AV), C/N accumulation and transformation, carbon balance, N use efficiency, and yield were evaluated across the treatments. The results showed that cumulative AV peaked on day 3 post-fertilization and correlated positively with N rate. W1 reduced AV loss at equivalent N levels. W1 combined with 100 kg·hm -2 nitrogen application (W1N2) significantly increased carbon and nitrogen concentrations in leaves and stems and promoted the translocation of carbon and nitrogen to pods. The leaf and stem C/N ratios remained optimal (16.18 to 32.18 and 13.11 to 31.77). The nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) of the W1N2 treatment remained close to 1 throughout the growth, indicating balanced N supply. Soil CO 2 emission flux peaked at flowering stage. W1 reduced the average and cumulative CO 2 emissions across stages, whereas higher N rates increased emissions. All treatments acted as carbon sinks, with W1N2 achieving the highest net ecosystem productivity (C NEP ; 140.3%-154.3% higher than W0N0). and maximum yields (5850.08-5930.88 kg·hm -2 ), along with superior agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, pod nitrogen uptake efficiency, and apparent recovery efficiency were significantly. In conclusion, W1N2 provides a feasible water-nitrogen strategy for green and low-carbon peanut production in drylands.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Cumulative ammonia volatilization peaked on the third day after fertilization.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“cumulative AV peaked on day 3 post-fertilization”
t0“Peanut Cropping Systems”
e1“W1 combined with 100 kg·hm -2 nitrogen application (W1N2) significantly increased carbon and nitrogen concentrations in leaves and stems and promoted the translocation of carbon and nitrogen to pods. The leaf and stem C/N ratios remained optimal (16.18 to 32.18 and 13.11 to 31.77). The nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) of the W1N2 treatment remained close to 1 throughout the growth, indicating balanced N supply. Soil CO 2 emission flux peaked at flowering stage. W1 reduced the average and cumulative CO 2 emissions across stages, whereas higher N rates increased emissions. All treatments acted as carbon sinks, with W1N2 achieving the highest net ecosystem productivity (C NEP ; 140.3%-154.3% higher than W0N0). and maximum yields (5850.08-5930.88 kg·hm -2 ), along with superior agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, pod nitrogen uptake efficiency, and apparent recovery efficiency were significantly.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cumulative ammonia volatilization rose with nitrogen rate.
- Taxon
- peanut
Arachis hypogaeat0 - Treatment
- N ratee0
- Outcome
- AVe0
- Direction
- correlated positivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cumulative AV peaked on day 3 post-fertilization and correlated positively with N rate”
t0“Peanut Cropping Systems”
e1“W1 combined with 100 kg·hm -2 nitrogen application (W1N2) significantly increased carbon and nitrogen concentrations in leaves and stems and promoted the translocation of carbon and nitrogen to pods. The leaf and stem C/N ratios remained optimal (16.18 to 32.18 and 13.11 to 31.77). The nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) of the W1N2 treatment remained close to 1 throughout the growth, indicating balanced N supply. Soil CO 2 emission flux peaked at flowering stage. W1 reduced the average and cumulative CO 2 emissions across stages, whereas higher N rates increased emissions. All treatments acted as carbon sinks, with W1N2 achieving the highest net ecosystem productivity (C NEP ; 140.3%-154.3% higher than W0N0). and maximum yields (5850.08-5930.88 kg·hm -2 ), along with superior agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, pod nitrogen uptake efficiency, and apparent recovery efficiency were significantly.”
Claim · model-written summary
Regulated deficit irrigation reduced ammonia volatilization at equivalent nitrogen levels.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- W1e0
- Outcome
- AV losse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- equivalent N levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W1 reduced AV loss at equivalent N levels”
t0“Peanut Cropping Systems”
e1“W1 combined with 100 kg·hm -2 nitrogen application (W1N2) significantly increased carbon and nitrogen concentrations in leaves and stems and promoted the translocation of carbon and nitrogen to pods. The leaf and stem C/N ratios remained optimal (16.18 to 32.18 and 13.11 to 31.77). The nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) of the W1N2 treatment remained close to 1 throughout the growth, indicating balanced N supply. Soil CO 2 emission flux peaked at flowering stage. W1 reduced the average and cumulative CO 2 emissions across stages, whereas higher N rates increased emissions. All treatments acted as carbon sinks, with W1N2 achieving the highest net ecosystem productivity (C NEP ; 140.3%-154.3% higher than W0N0). and maximum yields (5850.08-5930.88 kg·hm -2 ), along with superior agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, pod nitrogen uptake efficiency, and apparent recovery efficiency were significantly.”
Claim · model-written summary
W1N2 significantly increased leaf and stem carbon and nitrogen concentrations.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- W1 combined with 100 kg·hm -2 nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- carbon and nitrogen concentrations in leaves and stemse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W1 combined with 100 kg·hm -2 nitrogen application (W1N2) significantly increased carbon and nitrogen concentrations in leaves and stems”
t0“Peanut Cropping Systems”
e1“W1 combined with 100 kg·hm -2 nitrogen application (W1N2) significantly increased carbon and nitrogen concentrations in leaves and stems and promoted the translocation of carbon and nitrogen to pods. The leaf and stem C/N ratios remained optimal (16.18 to 32.18 and 13.11 to 31.77). The nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) of the W1N2 treatment remained close to 1 throughout the growth, indicating balanced N supply. Soil CO 2 emission flux peaked at flowering stage. W1 reduced the average and cumulative CO 2 emissions across stages, whereas higher N rates increased emissions. All treatments acted as carbon sinks, with W1N2 achieving the highest net ecosystem productivity (C NEP ; 140.3%-154.3% higher than W0N0). and maximum yields (5850.08-5930.88 kg·hm -2 ), along with superior agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, pod nitrogen uptake efficiency, and apparent recovery efficiency were significantly.”
Claim · model-written summary
W1N2 promoted carbon and nitrogen translocation to pods.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- W1N2e1
- Outcome
- translocation of carbon and nitrogen to podse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoted the translocation of carbon and nitrogen to pods”
t0“Peanut Cropping Systems”
e1“W1 combined with 100 kg·hm -2 nitrogen application (W1N2) significantly increased carbon and nitrogen concentrations in leaves and stems and promoted the translocation of carbon and nitrogen to pods. The leaf and stem C/N ratios remained optimal (16.18 to 32.18 and 13.11 to 31.77). The nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) of the W1N2 treatment remained close to 1 throughout the growth, indicating balanced N supply. Soil CO 2 emission flux peaked at flowering stage. W1 reduced the average and cumulative CO 2 emissions across stages, whereas higher N rates increased emissions. All treatments acted as carbon sinks, with W1N2 achieving the highest net ecosystem productivity (C NEP ; 140.3%-154.3% higher than W0N0). and maximum yields (5850.08-5930.88 kg·hm -2 ), along with superior agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, pod nitrogen uptake efficiency, and apparent recovery efficiency were significantly.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf and stem carbon to nitrogen ratios remained in the reported optimal ranges.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- leaf and stem C/N ratiose0
- Direction
- remained optimale0
- Value
- 16.18 to 32.18 and 13.11 to 31.77e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The leaf and stem C/N ratios remained optimal (16.18 to 32.18 and 13.11 to 31.77)”
t0“Peanut Cropping Systems”
e1“W1 combined with 100 kg·hm -2 nitrogen application (W1N2) significantly increased carbon and nitrogen concentrations in leaves and stems and promoted the translocation of carbon and nitrogen to pods. The leaf and stem C/N ratios remained optimal (16.18 to 32.18 and 13.11 to 31.77). The nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) of the W1N2 treatment remained close to 1 throughout the growth, indicating balanced N supply. Soil CO 2 emission flux peaked at flowering stage. W1 reduced the average and cumulative CO 2 emissions across stages, whereas higher N rates increased emissions. All treatments acted as carbon sinks, with W1N2 achieving the highest net ecosystem productivity (C NEP ; 140.3%-154.3% higher than W0N0). and maximum yields (5850.08-5930.88 kg·hm -2 ), along with superior agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, pod nitrogen uptake efficiency, and apparent recovery efficiency were significantly.”
Claim · model-written summary
The W1N2 nitrogen nutrition index stayed near 1 throughout growth.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- W1N2e0
- Outcome
- nitrogen nutrition index (NNI)e0
- Direction
- remained close toe0
- Value
- 1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) of the W1N2 treatment remained close to 1 throughout the growth”
t0“Peanut Cropping Systems”
e1“W1 combined with 100 kg·hm -2 nitrogen application (W1N2) significantly increased carbon and nitrogen concentrations in leaves and stems and promoted the translocation of carbon and nitrogen to pods. The leaf and stem C/N ratios remained optimal (16.18 to 32.18 and 13.11 to 31.77). The nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) of the W1N2 treatment remained close to 1 throughout the growth, indicating balanced N supply. Soil CO 2 emission flux peaked at flowering stage. W1 reduced the average and cumulative CO 2 emissions across stages, whereas higher N rates increased emissions. All treatments acted as carbon sinks, with W1N2 achieving the highest net ecosystem productivity (C NEP ; 140.3%-154.3% higher than W0N0). and maximum yields (5850.08-5930.88 kg·hm -2 ), along with superior agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, pod nitrogen uptake efficiency, and apparent recovery efficiency were significantly.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil carbon dioxide emission flux peaked at flowering.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Organ / stage
- flowering stagee0
- Outcome
- Soil CO 2 emission fluxe0
- Direction
- peakede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil CO 2 emission flux peaked at flowering stage”
t0“Peanut Cropping Systems”
e1“W1 combined with 100 kg·hm -2 nitrogen application (W1N2) significantly increased carbon and nitrogen concentrations in leaves and stems and promoted the translocation of carbon and nitrogen to pods. The leaf and stem C/N ratios remained optimal (16.18 to 32.18 and 13.11 to 31.77). The nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) of the W1N2 treatment remained close to 1 throughout the growth, indicating balanced N supply. Soil CO 2 emission flux peaked at flowering stage. W1 reduced the average and cumulative CO 2 emissions across stages, whereas higher N rates increased emissions. All treatments acted as carbon sinks, with W1N2 achieving the highest net ecosystem productivity (C NEP ; 140.3%-154.3% higher than W0N0). and maximum yields (5850.08-5930.88 kg·hm -2 ), along with superior agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, pod nitrogen uptake efficiency, and apparent recovery efficiency were significantly.”
Claim · model-written summary
W1 reduced average and cumulative carbon dioxide emissions across stages.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- W1e0
- Outcome
- average and cumulative CO 2 emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W1 reduced the average and cumulative CO 2 emissions across stages”
t0“Peanut Cropping Systems”
e1“W1 combined with 100 kg·hm -2 nitrogen application (W1N2) significantly increased carbon and nitrogen concentrations in leaves and stems and promoted the translocation of carbon and nitrogen to pods. The leaf and stem C/N ratios remained optimal (16.18 to 32.18 and 13.11 to 31.77). The nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) of the W1N2 treatment remained close to 1 throughout the growth, indicating balanced N supply. Soil CO 2 emission flux peaked at flowering stage. W1 reduced the average and cumulative CO 2 emissions across stages, whereas higher N rates increased emissions. All treatments acted as carbon sinks, with W1N2 achieving the highest net ecosystem productivity (C NEP ; 140.3%-154.3% higher than W0N0). and maximum yields (5850.08-5930.88 kg·hm -2 ), along with superior agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, pod nitrogen uptake efficiency, and apparent recovery efficiency were significantly.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen rates increased carbon dioxide emissions.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- higher N ratese0
- Outcome
- emissionse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher N rates increased emissions”
t0“Peanut Cropping Systems”
e1“W1 combined with 100 kg·hm -2 nitrogen application (W1N2) significantly increased carbon and nitrogen concentrations in leaves and stems and promoted the translocation of carbon and nitrogen to pods. The leaf and stem C/N ratios remained optimal (16.18 to 32.18 and 13.11 to 31.77). The nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) of the W1N2 treatment remained close to 1 throughout the growth, indicating balanced N supply. Soil CO 2 emission flux peaked at flowering stage. W1 reduced the average and cumulative CO 2 emissions across stages, whereas higher N rates increased emissions. All treatments acted as carbon sinks, with W1N2 achieving the highest net ecosystem productivity (C NEP ; 140.3%-154.3% higher than W0N0). and maximum yields (5850.08-5930.88 kg·hm -2 ), along with superior agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, pod nitrogen uptake efficiency, and apparent recovery efficiency were significantly.”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatment combinations were carbon sinks.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- All treatmentse0
- Outcome
- carbon sinkse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All treatments acted as carbon sinks”
t0“Peanut Cropping Systems”
e1“W1 combined with 100 kg·hm -2 nitrogen application (W1N2) significantly increased carbon and nitrogen concentrations in leaves and stems and promoted the translocation of carbon and nitrogen to pods. The leaf and stem C/N ratios remained optimal (16.18 to 32.18 and 13.11 to 31.77). The nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) of the W1N2 treatment remained close to 1 throughout the growth, indicating balanced N supply. Soil CO 2 emission flux peaked at flowering stage. W1 reduced the average and cumulative CO 2 emissions across stages, whereas higher N rates increased emissions. All treatments acted as carbon sinks, with W1N2 achieving the highest net ecosystem productivity (C NEP ; 140.3%-154.3% higher than W0N0). and maximum yields (5850.08-5930.88 kg·hm -2 ), along with superior agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, pod nitrogen uptake efficiency, and apparent recovery efficiency were significantly.”
Claim · model-written summary
W1N2 had the highest net ecosystem productivity, 140.3% to 154.3% above W0N0.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- W1N2e0
- Outcome
- net ecosystem productivitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 140.3%-154.3%e0
- Comparator
- W0N0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W1N2 achieving the highest net ecosystem productivity (C NEP ; 140.3%-154.3% higher than W0N0)”
t0“Peanut Cropping Systems”
e1“W1 combined with 100 kg·hm -2 nitrogen application (W1N2) significantly increased carbon and nitrogen concentrations in leaves and stems and promoted the translocation of carbon and nitrogen to pods. The leaf and stem C/N ratios remained optimal (16.18 to 32.18 and 13.11 to 31.77). The nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) of the W1N2 treatment remained close to 1 throughout the growth, indicating balanced N supply. Soil CO 2 emission flux peaked at flowering stage. W1 reduced the average and cumulative CO 2 emissions across stages, whereas higher N rates increased emissions. All treatments acted as carbon sinks, with W1N2 achieving the highest net ecosystem productivity (C NEP ; 140.3%-154.3% higher than W0N0). and maximum yields (5850.08-5930.88 kg·hm -2 ), along with superior agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, pod nitrogen uptake efficiency, and apparent recovery efficiency were significantly.”
Claim · model-written summary
W1N2 produced maximum yields of 5850.08 to 5930.88 kg per hectare.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- W1N2e1
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 5850.08-5930.88 kg·hm -2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum yields (5850.08-5930.88 kg·hm -2 )”
t0“Peanut Cropping Systems”
e1“W1 combined with 100 kg·hm -2 nitrogen application (W1N2) significantly increased carbon and nitrogen concentrations in leaves and stems and promoted the translocation of carbon and nitrogen to pods. The leaf and stem C/N ratios remained optimal (16.18 to 32.18 and 13.11 to 31.77). The nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) of the W1N2 treatment remained close to 1 throughout the growth, indicating balanced N supply. Soil CO 2 emission flux peaked at flowering stage. W1 reduced the average and cumulative CO 2 emissions across stages, whereas higher N rates increased emissions. All treatments acted as carbon sinks, with W1N2 achieving the highest net ecosystem productivity (C NEP ; 140.3%-154.3% higher than W0N0). and maximum yields (5850.08-5930.88 kg·hm -2 ), along with superior agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, pod nitrogen uptake efficiency, and apparent recovery efficiency were significantly.”
Claim · model-written summary
W1N2 gave superior agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, pod nitrogen uptake efficiency and apparent recovery efficiency.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- W1N2e1
- Outcome
- agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, pod nitrogen uptake efficiency, and apparent recovery efficiencye0
- Direction
- superiore0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“superior agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, pod nitrogen uptake efficiency, and apparent recovery efficiency were significantly”
t0“Peanut Cropping Systems”
e1“W1 combined with 100 kg·hm -2 nitrogen application (W1N2) significantly increased carbon and nitrogen concentrations in leaves and stems and promoted the translocation of carbon and nitrogen to pods. The leaf and stem C/N ratios remained optimal (16.18 to 32.18 and 13.11 to 31.77). The nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) of the W1N2 treatment remained close to 1 throughout the growth, indicating balanced N supply. Soil CO 2 emission flux peaked at flowering stage. W1 reduced the average and cumulative CO 2 emissions across stages, whereas higher N rates increased emissions. All treatments acted as carbon sinks, with W1N2 achieving the highest net ecosystem productivity (C NEP ; 140.3%-154.3% higher than W0N0). and maximum yields (5850.08-5930.88 kg·hm -2 ), along with superior agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, pod nitrogen uptake efficiency, and apparent recovery efficiency were significantly.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend W1N2 for low carbon peanut production in drylands.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- W1N2e0
- Outcome
- water-nitrogen strategy for green and low-carbon peanut productione0
- Setting
- drylandse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W1N2 provides a feasible water-nitrogen strategy for green and low-carbon peanut production in drylands”
t0“Peanut Cropping Systems”
e1“W1 combined with 100 kg·hm -2 nitrogen application (W1N2) significantly increased carbon and nitrogen concentrations in leaves and stems and promoted the translocation of carbon and nitrogen to pods. The leaf and stem C/N ratios remained optimal (16.18 to 32.18 and 13.11 to 31.77). The nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) of the W1N2 treatment remained close to 1 throughout the growth, indicating balanced N supply. Soil CO 2 emission flux peaked at flowering stage. W1 reduced the average and cumulative CO 2 emissions across stages, whereas higher N rates increased emissions. All treatments acted as carbon sinks, with W1N2 achieving the highest net ecosystem productivity (C NEP ; 140.3%-154.3% higher than W0N0). and maximum yields (5850.08-5930.88 kg·hm -2 ), along with superior agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, pod nitrogen uptake efficiency, and apparent recovery efficiency were significantly.”
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