Abstract
The avocado (Persea americana) is considered to be an outcrossing species due to its protogynous dichogamy and the existence of two complementary flowering groups?A and B. However, although the unique flowering behavior of the avocado enhances the opportunity for cross-pollina-tion, there is usually some overlap between female and male blooms within the same cultivar, which enables close-pollination as well. Recently, new avocado cultivars are being distributed in Israel, originating either from local breeding program (‘Arad’, ‘Galil’, ‘Lavi’) or by introduction from abroad (‘ACE’, ‘BL122’, ‘Fino’). Several questions arise: Can these cultivars set good crop when planting in solid blocks? Will their exposure to crosspollination by a potent pollenizer result in high yield? Is cross-pollination crucial for adequate pollination and fruit set? We will present studies aiming to answer some of these questions which are essential for future planting of commercial plots of these cultivars. A ‘Galil’(group A) plot subjected to cross-pollination by ‘Ettinger’ (group B) and ‘Teague’ (group A), was studied. Isozyme analysis enabled us to identify each individual fruit as selfed or outcrossed. A correlation between outcrossing rate and the distance from the pollenizer, was found. Outcrossing rates in the ‘Galil’ rows were 0.72 to 0.98. ‘Ettinger’ excelled as a pollenizer : most of the hybrids were its progeny (70 to 96%). No correlation was found between outcrossing rate and yield, probably due to the non-uniformity of the rootstocks in the plot. In the ‘Ettinger ‘ row adjacent to ‘Galil’ and ‘Teague’, outcrossing rates by ‘Teauge’ and ‘Galil’ were 0.36 and 0.08, respectively. These results show that different pollen parents of the same flowering group may differ markedly by their effect on the rate of hybrid produced. A severe hot spell occurred in Israel in June 2002, resulting in high abscission of ‘Galil’ fruits (average weight 30 g). Parentage analysis of abscised fruits versus mature fruits at harvest, showed higher outcrossing rate in mature fruits. This means that ‘Galil’ selfed fruit abscised at higher rate than the outcrossed ones. The survival advantage of outcrossed fruit is probably related to the fact that selfed progeny have less-vigorous embryos than outcrossed progeny due to inbreeding depression.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Isozyme analysis identified individual avocado fruits as selfed or outcrossed.
- Taxon
- AVOCADO
Persea americanat0 - Outcome
- identify each individual fruit as selfed or outcrossede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Isozyme analysis enabled us to identify each individual fruit as selfed or outcrossed.”
t0“AVOCADO”
Claim · model-written summary
Avocado outcrossing rate correlated with distance from the pollenizer.
- Taxon
- AVOCADOPersea americanat0
- Treatment
- distance from the pollenizere0
- Outcome
- outcrossing ratee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A correlation between outcrossing rate and the distance from the pollenizer, was found.”
t0“AVOCADO”
Claim · model-written summary
Outcrossing rates in Galil avocado rows ranged from 0.72 to 0.98.
- Taxon
- AVOCADOPersea americanat0
- Material
- Galile0
- Outcome
- Outcrossing ratese0
- Value
- 0.72 to 0.98e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Outcrossing rates in the ‘Galil’ rows were 0.72 to 0.98.”
t0“AVOCADO”
Claim · model-written summary
Ettinger excelled as an avocado pollenizer, accounting for 70 to 96% of hybrids.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Ettinger’ excelled as a pollenizer : most of the hybrids were its progeny (70 to 96%).”
t0“AVOCADO”
Claim · model-written summary
Avocado outcrossing rate did not correlate with yield, possibly because of non-uniform rootstocks.
- Taxon
- AVOCADOPersea americanat0
- Treatment
- outcrossing ratee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- No correlatione0
- Qualifier
- probably due to the non-uniformity of the rootstocks in the plote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No correlation was found between outcrossing rate and yield, probably due to the non-uniformity of the rootstocks in the plot.”
t0“AVOCADO”
Claim · model-written summary
Teauge outcrossing in the Ettinger avocado row adjacent to Galil and Teague was 0.36.
- Taxon
- AVOCADOPersea americanat0
- Material
- Ettingere0
- Treatment
- Teaugee0
- Outcome
- outcrossing ratese0
- Value
- 0.36e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the ‘Ettinger ‘ row adjacent to ‘Galil’ and ‘Teague’, outcrossing rates by ‘Teauge’ and ‘Galil’ were 0.36 and 0.08, respectively.”
t0“AVOCADO”
Claim · model-written summary
Galil outcrossing in the Ettinger avocado row adjacent to Galil and Teague was 0.08.
- Taxon
- AVOCADOPersea americanat0
- Material
- Ettingere0
- Treatment
- Galile0
- Outcome
- outcrossing ratese0
- Value
- 0.08e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the ‘Ettinger ‘ row adjacent to ‘Galil’ and ‘Teague’, outcrossing rates by ‘Teauge’ and ‘Galil’ were 0.36 and 0.08, respectively.”
t0“AVOCADO”
Claim · model-written summary
Different avocado pollen parents in the same flowering group may differ markedly in hybrid production rate.
- Taxon
- AVOCADOPersea americanat0
- Outcome
- rate of hybrid producede0
- Qualifier
- may differ markedlye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These results show that different pollen parents of the same flowering group may differ markedly by their effect on the rate of hybrid produced.”
t0“AVOCADO”
Claim · model-written summary
The June 2002 hot spell in Israel caused high abscission of Galil avocado fruits averaging 30 g.
- Taxon
- AVOCADOPersea americanat0
- Material
- Galile0
- Treatment
- severe hot spelle0
- Outcome
- abscissione0
- Direction
- highe0
- Qualifier
- average weight 30 ge0
- Setting
- Israele0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A severe hot spell occurred in Israel in June 2002, resulting in high abscission of ‘Galil’ fruits (average weight 30 g).”
t0“AVOCADO”
Claim · model-written summary
Mature Galil avocado fruits had higher outcrossing rates than abscised fruits.
- Taxon
- AVOCADOPersea americanat0
- Material
- Galile1
- Organ / stage
- mature fruitse0
- Outcome
- outcrossing ratee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- abscised fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parentage analysis of abscised fruits versus mature fruits at harvest, showed higher outcrossing rate in mature fruits.”
e1“This means that ‘Galil’ selfed fruit abscised at higher rate than the outcrossed ones.”
t0“AVOCADO”
Claim · model-written summary
The survival advantage of outcrossed avocado fruit was attributed tentatively to weaker selfed embryos from inbreeding depression.
- Taxon
- AVOCADOPersea americanat0
- Outcome
- survival advantage of outcrossed fruite0
- Qualifier
- selfed progeny have less-vigorous embryos than outcrossed progeny due to inbreeding depressione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The survival advantage of outcrossed fruit is probably related to the fact that selfed progeny have less-vigorous embryos than outcrossed progeny due to inbreeding depression.”
t0“AVOCADO”