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“decrease in relative water content”

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Organism: Zea mays ✕

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Osmotic stress decreased seedling relative water content.

Taxon: maizeZea mayst0
Treatment: osmotic stresst0
Outcome: seedling relative water content (RWC)e0
Direction: decreasee0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“a decrease in seedling relative water content (RWC)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1102–1153

t0
“osmotic stress resistance by improving leaf photosynthetic physiology and antioxidant capacity in maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 41–144

Title

Exogenous application of 5-NGS increased osmotic stress resistance by improving leaf photosynthetic physiology and antioxidant capacity in maize

Deguang Yang; Zhifeng Gao; Yuqi Liu; et al. PeerJ 2024. doi:10.7717/peerj.17474

Other claims from this paper (15)

Intervention effect Osmotic stress inhibited growth and weakened photosynthetic and antioxidant capacity.
Intervention effect Osmotic stress increased proline and soluble sugar contents.
Intervention effect 5-NGS alleviated growth inhibition, especially belowground biomass, whose dry mass changed less than 5%.
Intervention effect 5-NGS increased relative water content under osmotic stress.
Intervention effect 5-NGS restored net photosynthetic rate under osmotic stress.
Intervention effect 5-NGS increased chlorophyll content, electron transport and intercellular CO2 concentration.
Intervention effect Aboveground antioxidant enzyme activity recovered under 5-NGS.
Intervention effect Aboveground malondialdehyde decreased approximately 25%.
Intervention effect Aboveground hydrogen peroxide decreased approximately 25%.
Intervention effect Underground antioxidant enzyme activity changed more strongly.
Intervention effect Underground MDA decreased more than 50%.
Intervention effect Underground hydrogen peroxide decreased more than 50%.
Intervention effect 5-NGS increased proline content more than 30%.
Mechanism 5-NGS promoted photosynthate accumulation and resource distribution.
Recommendation Authors conclude foliar 5-NGS may improve osmotic stress tolerance.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativenot significant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Leaf relative water content decreased slightly without significant differences.

Taxon: MaizeZea mayst0
Treatment: Cd Stresst0
Outcome: Leaf relative water contente0
Direction: decreasede0
Qualifier: overall decrease in relative water content was smalle0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Leaf relative water content and SPAD values also decreased, but the overall decrease in relative water content was small, and the differences were not significant.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 839–1002

t0
“Cd Stress on Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Maize Seedlings”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 11–90

Title

Effects of Cd Stress on Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Maize Seedlings

Siqing Deng; Yueying Wu; Qingping Zeng; et al. Agronomy 2024. doi:10.3390/agronomy14020379

Other claims from this paper (12)

Intervention effect Cadmium stress decreased aboveground and belowground biomass.
Intervention effect SPAD values decreased under cadmium stress.
Intervention effect Cadmium stress affected antioxidant enzymes and enhanced lipid peroxidation.
Observation Cadmium content varied greatly among varieties.
Observation Aboveground Cd content was lower than belowground content.
Observation Mo17 had the highest transfer coefficient, 0.33–0.83.
Observation B73 had the lowest transfer coefficient, 0.06–0.44.
Intervention effect Kui3 soluble protein content decreased under cadmium stress.
Intervention effect Soluble sugar was reported to decrease significantly against CK.
Intervention effect Soluble sugar was also reported as higher than CK under cadmium.
Intervention effect Proline content increased in all inbred lines relative to CK.
Observation Maize inbred lines showed significant genotypic differences in Cd response.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Salt stress decreased relative water content and increased water deficit index in all genotypes.

Taxon: maizeZea mayse0
Treatment: Salt stresse0
Outcome: relative water contente0
Direction: decreasee0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Salt stress led to physiological drought in all maize genotypes as indicated by the significant decrease in relative water content and increase in water deficit index.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 437–604

Title

Effects of salt stress on physiological and biochemical responses of three maize genotypes at the early seedling stage

Ali DOĞRU Acta agriculturae Slovenica 2021. doi:10.14720/aas.2021.117.1.1964

Other claims from this paper (7)

Observation Maize shoot growth was more sensitive to salinity than root growth.
Intervention effect Salt stress increased water deficit index in all maize genotypes.
Intervention effect Salt stress increased SOD activity across genotypes.
Observation Oxidative markers MDA and H2O2 remained constant under salinity.
Observation Reduced ascorbate and phenolic levels increased.
Intervention effect Salinity altered ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities, particularly in P3167 and 32K61.
Observation Bora was judged salinity tolerant, whereas P3167 and 32K61 were sensitive.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Shoot relative water content fell 28.65% versus control.

Taxon: MAIZEZea mayst0
Organ / stage: shoote0
Outcome: relative water content (RWC)e0
Direction: decreasee0
Value: 28.65%e0
Comparator: controle0

Not reportedTreatment

Verbatim

t0
“MAIZE”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 56–61

e0
“There is a significant decrease in relative water content (RWC) in both shoot and root by 28.65% and 11.13%, respectively, compared with the control”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1058–1206

Title

IMPACT OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL-INDUCED OSMOTIC STRESS ON MAIZE GERMINATION, GROWTH, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE

Bappy Sen; Tanushree Basumatary; Danswrang Daimary; et al. Towards Excellence 2023. doi:10.37867/te150318

Other claims from this paper (7)

Association Increasing PEG concentration reduced plant growth.
Intervention effect Water stress treatments significantly affected maize growth parameters.
Association Respiration and transpiration rates declined as PEG concentration rose.
Association Protein concentration decreased as PEG concentration increased.
Intervention effect Root relative water content fell 11.13% versus control.
Intervention effect PEG treatment reduced chlorophyll b by 60.05%.
Intervention effect PEG treatment reduced chlorophyll a content by 33.25%.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Root relative water content fell 11.13% versus control.

Taxon: MAIZEZea mayst0
Organ / stage: roote0
Outcome: relative water content (RWC)e0
Direction: decreasee0
Value: 11.13%e0
Comparator: controle0

Not reportedTreatment

Verbatim

t0
“MAIZE”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 56–61

e0
“There is a significant decrease in relative water content (RWC) in both shoot and root by 28.65% and 11.13%, respectively, compared with the control”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1058–1206

Title

IMPACT OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL-INDUCED OSMOTIC STRESS ON MAIZE GERMINATION, GROWTH, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE

Bappy Sen; Tanushree Basumatary; Danswrang Daimary; et al. Towards Excellence 2023. doi:10.37867/te150318

Other claims from this paper (7)

Association Increasing PEG concentration reduced plant growth.
Intervention effect Water stress treatments significantly affected maize growth parameters.
Association Respiration and transpiration rates declined as PEG concentration rose.
Association Protein concentration decreased as PEG concentration increased.
Intervention effect Shoot relative water content fell 28.65% versus control.
Intervention effect PEG treatment reduced chlorophyll b by 60.05%.
Intervention effect PEG treatment reduced chlorophyll a content by 33.25%.

Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

In maize under elevated CO2, leaf relative water content starts to decrease at a lower FTSW threshold than in wheat (0.21 vs 0.43).

Taxon: maizeZea mayse5
Treatment: e[CO 2 ]e5
Outcome: leaf relative water contente6
Direction: starts to decreasee6
Value: 0.21 vs 0.43e6
Comparator: wheate5

Verbatim

e5
“After onset of progressive soil drying, maize plants in e[CO 2 ] showed lower FTSW thresholds than wheat”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 795–899

e6
“at which e.g. g s (0.31 vs 0.40) and leaf relative water content (0.21 vs 0.43) starts to decrease”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 901–999

Title

Elevated CO2 enhanced water use efficiency of wheat to progressive drought stress but not on maize

Qingjun Cao; Gang Li; Fulai Liu Frontiers in Plant Science 2022. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.953712

Other claims from this paper (12)

Intervention effect Under non-drought stress, elevated CO2 increased the net photosynthetic rate only in wheat.
Intervention effect Under non-drought stress, elevated CO2 increased dry matter accumulation in wheat and maize.
Intervention effect Under non-drought stress, elevated CO2 decreased stomatal conductance and water consumption.
Intervention effect Under non-drought stress, elevated CO2 enhanced WUE by 27.82% in maize.
Intervention effect Under non-drought stress, elevated CO2 enhanced WUE by 49.86% in wheat.
Association After onset of progressive soil drying, maize under elevated CO2 showed lower FTSW thresholds than wheat.
Association In maize under elevated CO2, stomatal conductance starts to decrease at a lower FTSW threshold than in wheat (0.31 vs 0.40).
Association The authors interpret elevated CO2 as conferring greater drought resistance in maize.
Association Under combined elevated CO2 and drought, enhanced WUE was found only in wheat.
Association Under combined elevated CO2 and drought, DMA increased in wheat.
Association Under combined elevated CO2 and drought, water consumption was unaffected in wheat.
Recommendation The authors recommend developing specific water management strategies to optimize crop WUE for different species under future drier, CO2-enriched conditions.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Salt stress decreased maize leaf relative water content, photosynthetic characteristics and catalase activity.

Taxon: maizeZea mayst0
Treatment: salt stress treatmentse0
Outcome: leaf relative water content, photosynthetic characteristics, and catalase activitye0
Direction: decreasee0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“the leaf relative water content, photosynthetic characteristics, and catalase activity exhibited a significantly decrease of salt stress treatments”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 385–532

t0
“Maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–5

Title

Maize (Zea mays L.) responses to salt stress in terms of root anatomy, respiration and antioxidative enzyme activity

Dandan Hu; Rongfa Li; Shuting Dong; et al. BMC Plant Biology 2022. doi:10.1186/s12870-022-03972-4

Other claims from this paper (10)

Intervention effect Salt stress raised superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities and malondialdehyde content.
Intervention effect Salt stress raised Na+ uptake and translocation relative to controls.
Observation Salt injury was more pronounced in YY7 than JNY658.
Intervention effect Salt stress increased root cortical aerenchyma number in JNY658.
Observation Under salt stress, JNY658 had larger cortical cells and fewer root cortical cell files.
Intervention effect Salt stress lowered total respiration rates in both maize varieties.
Intervention effect Salt stress raised alternate oxidative respiration rates in both varieties.
Intervention effect Salt stress raised root net Na+ and K+ efflux rates in both maize varieties.
Mechanism The authors infer that increased ion efflux reduced root Na+ toxicity and maintained ion balance.
Observation The authors report decreased root-surface Na+ uptake, constrained translocation and reduced leaf Na+ accumulation under salt stress.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Longer irrigation cycles decreased ear leaf area and relative water content.

Taxon: cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
Treatment: increasing irrigation cyclee0
Outcome: ear leaf area and relative water contente0
Direction: decreasee0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“by increasing irrigation cycle and as a result decreasing water using in four levels of irrigation, traits like forage yield, ear weight, plant height, stem and leaf weight, ear leaf area and relative water content have decrease in treatment according to decrease in water used.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 962–1240

t0
“Corn”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 60–64

Title

The Effect of Drought Stress on Agrophysiological Traits of Corn (Zea mays L.) Cultivars in Khoy Condition

MirHamid Aboutalebi; Abdollah Hasanzadeh Ghorttapeh; Amir Fayaz Moghadam DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) 2020. doi:10.30495/jcep.2020.671642

Other claims from this paper (5)

Intervention effect Longer irrigation cycles decreased corn forage yield.
Intervention effect Longer irrigation cycles decreased ear weight, plant height, and stem and leaf weight.
Observation Maxima524 used less water than the other two varieties.
Observation Maxima524 yielded equally to the other two varieties.
Recommendation The authors identify Maxima524 irrigated after 90 mm evaporation as a low-water option with optimal performance.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Combined As+PEG stress decreased relative water content of maize seedlings by 35%.

Taxon: maizeZea mayse1
Treatment: combined As+PEG stresse2
Outcome: relative water content (RWC)e2
Direction: decreasee2
Value: 35 %e2

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e1
“the relative growth rate (RGR) of maize seedlings under As and drought stress was reduced by 38 % and 50 %, respectively”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 636–756

e2
“with a 35 % decrease in relative water content (RWC) under combined As+PEG stress”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 758–839

Title

An effective sustainable strategy: Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), Bacillus atrophaeus, in maize plants against challenging environments

Melike Balci; Busra Arikan-Abdulveli; Evren Yildiztugay; et al. Journal of environmental chemical engineering 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jece.2025.116778

Other claims from this paper (12)

Intervention effect Arsenic stress reduced the relative growth rate of maize seedlings by 38%.
Intervention effect Drought stress reduced the relative growth rate of maize seedlings by 50%.
Intervention effect Drought and As stress decreased gas exchange parameters and maximum quantum yield of PSII in maize.
Intervention effect Bacterial inoculation increased photosynthetic performance of maize under stress.
Intervention effect H 2 O 2 content of maize seedlings increased by 65.8% under As+PEG conditions.
Observation H 2 O 2 accumulation in maize was visualized and confirmed by confocal microscopy.
Intervention effect Bacillus atrophaeus priming elevated SOD, CAT, APX and GPX activities in maize.
Mechanism Bacillus atrophaeus priming is asserted to maintain the cellular redox state of maize by inducing the AsA-GSH cycle.
Intervention effect B. atrophaeus inoculation increased the content of micro- and macro-nutrients such as Ca, K, Mg and Fe in maize.
Intervention effect B. atrophaeus significantly reduced arsenic uptake in the roots of maize.
Intervention effect Seed inoculation with B. atrophaeus reduced oxidative damage in maize.
Intervention effect Seed inoculation with B. atrophaeus increased antioxidant system activity in maize seedlings.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Brassinolide decreased MDA content by 24% relative to distilled water-sprayed plants.

Taxon: maizeZea mayst0
Treatment: foliar BRe1
Outcome: MDA contente2
Direction: decreasee2
Value: 24%e2
Comparator: distilled water-sprayed plantse5

Verbatim

t0
“Brassinolide Alleviates Maize Silk Growth Under Water Deficit”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–61

e1
“then applied foliar BR at concentrations”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 349–389

e5
“with distilled water-sprayed plants serving as controls”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 420–475

e2
“a 24% decrease in MDA content”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1039–1068

Title

Brassinolide Alleviates Maize Silk Growth Under Water Deficit by Reprogramming Sugar Metabolism and Enhancing Antioxidant Defense

Jinrong Xu; Zhicheng Cheng; Li Dai; et al. Plants 2026. doi:10.3390/plants15010139

Other claims from this paper (17)

Intervention effect Foliar brassinolide increased silk length by 2.9-fold compared with the stress control.
Intervention effect Brassinolide partially restored silk elongation under water-deficit stress at 0.1 and 0.5.
Intervention effect The highest brassinolide concentration suppressed silk elongation under water-deficit stress.
Intervention effect Brassinolide elevated POD activity by 31–77% relative to distilled water-sprayed plants.
Intervention effect Brassinolide elevated SOD activity by 12–46% relative to distilled water-sprayed plants.
Intervention effect Brassinolide elevated CAT activity by 20–33% relative to distilled water-sprayed plants.
Intervention effect Brassinolide raised proline by 25–76% relative to distilled water-sprayed plants.
Intervention effect Brassinolide reduced O2− and H2O2 levels by 36–67% relative to distilled water-sprayed plants.
Intervention effect Brassinolide reduced sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity.
Intervention effect Brassinolide increased sucrose synthase (SS-I) and vacuolar invertase (VIN) activities.
Mechanism Brassinolide may shift carbon partitioning from sucrose toward hexoses.
Observation Genome-wide RNA-seq identified 6171 upregulated genes.
Observation Genome-wide RNA-seq identified 3295 downregulated genes.
Observation Gene expression was significantly enriched in 20 pathways, including starch/sucrose metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis.
Intervention effect Brassinolide upregulated sucrose invertase (INV) expression by 2.4- to 8.7-fold compared with the distilled water-sprayed control.
Intervention effect Brassinolide upregulated hexokinase (HK) expression by 2.3- to 4.0-fold compared with the distilled water-sprayed control.
Mechanism Brassinolide mitigates drought-induced silk growth arrest by orchestrating antioxidant defense, osmotic regulation and metabolic reprogramming.

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“decrease in relative water content”

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