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Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Maize knobs contain 180-bp repeats, TR1 repeats, or both.

Taxon
maizeZea mayst0
Outcome
knobse0

Verbatim

e0

“knobs may be composed of either 180-bp or TR1, or both repeats”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1510–1572
t0

“maize”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 54–59

Title

Complex structure of knobs and centromeric regions in maize chromosomes.

E V Ananiev; R L Phillips; H W Rines PubMed 2000

Other claims from this paper (13)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Certain retrotransposable elements preferentially associate with knobs or centromeres.

Taxon
maizeZea mayst0
Outcome
retrotransposable elementse0

Verbatim

e0

“obvious preference for the integration/association of certain retrotransposable elements into knobs or centromere regions”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 832–953
t0

“maize”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 54–59

Title

Complex structure of knobs and centromeric regions in maize chromosomes.

E V Ananiev; R L Phillips; H W Rines PubMed 2000

Other claims from this paper (13)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Knobs were present on the abaxial surface of Stereospermumkunthianum.

Taxon
Stereospermumkunthianume0
Organ / stage
abaxial surfacee0
Outcome
Knobse0

Verbatim

e0

“Knobs are present on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces ofMarkhamia lutea, Markhamia tomentosa, abaxial surface of Stereospermumkunthianum and adaxial surface of Tabebuia rosea”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 981–1155

Title

Foliar epidermal studies in the family Bignoniaceae JUSS. in Nigeria

G. E. Ugbabe; A. E. Ayodele African Journal of Agricultural Research 2008. doi:10.5897/ajar.9000353

Other claims from this paper (15)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Mapped maize knobs lie in gene-dense genomic regions.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Outcome
knobs lie in gene-dense regionse0

Verbatim

e0

“The data show that knobs lie in gene-dense regions of the maize genome”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 615–685

Title

Maize chromosomal knobs are located in gene-dense areas and suppress local recombination

Rashin Ghaffari; Ethalinda K. S. Cannon; Lisa B. Kanizay; et al. Chromosoma 2012. doi:10.1007/s00412-012-0391-8

Other claims from this paper (3)
Observationauthor interpretationoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

One suppressed region likely contained condensed heterochromatin knobs.

Taxon
maizeZea mayst0
Outcome
condensed heterochromatin (knobs)e0
Qualifier
likelye0

Verbatim

t0

“maize”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 37–42
e0

“one of which likely contained condensed heterochromatin (knobs)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 832–895

Title

Recombination frequency variation in maize as revealed by genomewide single‐nucleotide polymorphisms

Mohammad Farkhari; Yanli Lu; Trushar Shah; et al. Plant Breeding 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0523.2011.01866.x

Other claims from this paper (5)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Presence of some knobs varied among maize lines.

Taxon
MaizeZea mayse0
Outcome
presence of some knobse2
Qualifier
among linese2

Verbatim

e0

“Maize karyotype variability has been extensively investigated”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–61
e2

“Variation in the presence of some knobs was observed among lines”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 896–960

Title

Karyotype variability in tropical maize sister inbred lines and hybrids compared with KYS standard line

Mateus Mondin; Janay A. Santos-Serejo; Mônica R. Bertäo; et al. Frontiers in Plant Science 2014. doi:10.3389/fpls.2014.00544

Other claims from this paper (7)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The knobs measured about 0.35 μm thick.

Taxon
Vicia fabaVicia fabae1
Outcome
thickness of these knobse0
Value
about 0.35 μme0

Verbatim

e0

“The thickness of these knobs was about 0.35 μm.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1122–1169
e1

“Vicia faba”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 67–77

Title

Three‐dimensional architecture of the higher plant nucleolonema disclosed on serial ultrathin sections

S Sato Biology of the Cell 1992. doi:10.1016/0248-4900(92)90144-p

Other claims from this paper (10)
Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

First-generation micropropagated ginger had smaller rhizome knobs.

Material
micropropagated plantse0
Outcome
knobse0
Direction
smallere0

Not reportedTaxon

Verbatim

e0

“In the first generation ex vitro, micropropagated plants had significantly (P<0.01) reduced rhizome yield with smaller knobs and more roots.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 177–317

Title

Field evaluation of micropropagated and conventionally propagated ginger in subtropical Queensland

MK Smith; SD Hamill Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 1996. doi:10.1071/ea9960347

Other claims from this paper (9)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The Ist and VIth chromosome pairs show terminal knobs.

Taxon
Coix giganteaPolytoca giganteae0
Outcome
terminal knobse4
Qualifier
Ist and VIth paire4

Verbatim

e0

“Coix gigantea which often occurs as a weed in paddy fields of South India”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 47–120
e4

“The Ist and VIth pair show terminal knobs”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 370–411

Title

Chromosome Behaviour and Pachytene Morphology of Coix gigantea.

Benny Jacob; J. Christopher CYTOLOGIA 1992. doi:10.1508/cytologia.57.303

Other claims from this paper (5)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Chromosomes had conspicuous heterochromatic knobs.

Taxon
husk tomatot0
Outcome
conspicuous heterochromatic knobse0

Verbatim

e0

“The chromosomes of this species are characterized by conspicuous heterochromatic knobs”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 336–422
t0

“Husk Tomato”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 41–52

Title

Overview of the Genetics and Breeding of Husk Tomato

Carlos F. Quiros HortScience 1984. doi:10.21273/hortsci.19.6.872

Other claims from this paper (6)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Differentially stained regions corresponded to knobs.

Taxon
maizeZea mayst0
Outcome
differentially stained regions of C-banded mitotic chromosomes corresponded with knobse0

Verbatim

e0

“differentially stained regions of C-banded mitotic chromosomes corresponded with knobs”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 196–282
t0

“MAIZE”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 20–25

Title

BANDING PATTERNS IN MAIZE MITOTIC CHROMOSOMES

E. J. Ward Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 1980. doi:10.1139/g80-009

Other claims from this paper (4)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Large C-bands or knobs alter relative chromosome arm length in maize.

Taxon
MaizeZea mayst0
Outcome
relative arm length of the chromosomes involvede0
Qualifier
large C-bands or knobse0

Verbatim

e0

“large C-bands or knobs alter the relative arm length of the chromosomes involved”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 179–259
t0

“Maize”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 13–18

Title

C-Banding in Maize. I. Band Patterns

Margarida L. R. De Aguiar Perecin Caryologia 1985. doi:10.1080/00087114.1985.10797726

Other claims from this paper (1)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Thirty-four Rafflesia knobs were found.

Taxon
RafflesiaRafflesiae0
Outcome
knobse0
Value
34 knobse0

Verbatim

e0

“Found 34 knobs of Rafflesia with a mortality rate of 38.24% which is relatively low.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 994–1078

Title

Carrying capacity of environment to the life potential of Rafflesia (Rafflesia patma Blume) in Leuweung Sancang Nature Reserve Garut West Java

L Amalia; A S Nursifa; D I Putri; et al. IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering 2021. doi:10.1088/1757-899x/1098/6/062060

Other claims from this paper (10)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Maize knobs exhibit a more structured HOR distribution than centromeres.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Outcome
more structured HOR distributione0

Verbatim

e0

“maize knobs exhibit a more structured HOR distribution”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1258–1312

Title

Higher order repeat structures reflect diverging evolutionary paths in maize centromeres and knobs

Rebecca D. Piri; Mingyu Wang; M. Cinta Romay; et al. Genome biology 2026. doi:10.1186/s13059-026-03993-4

Other claims from this paper (9)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Large maize knobs contain megabase-scale similarity blocks with repeated HOR patterns.

Taxon
maizeZea mayst0
Outcome
megabase-scale similarity blocks with repeated HOR patternse0

Verbatim

t0

“maize”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 71–76
e0

“Large knobs contain megabase-scale similarity blocks with repeated HOR patterns”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1314–1393

Title

Higher order repeat structures reflect diverging evolutionary paths in maize centromeres and knobs

Rebecca D. Piri; Mingyu Wang; M. Cinta Romay; et al. Genome biology 2026. doi:10.1186/s13059-026-03993-4

Other claims from this paper (9)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Northern Guatemalan teosintes Huixta and Monajil had terminal knobs.

Taxon
Teosintese0
Material
Huixta and Monajile0
Outcome
all their knobs terminally locatede0
Setting
northern Guatemalae0

Verbatim

e0

“Teosintes from northern Guatemala, Huixta and Monajil, have all their knobs terminally located”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 156–250

Title

CHROMOSOME POLYMORPHISM OF TEOSINTE

Y C Ting Genetics 1976. doi:10.1093/genetics/83.4.737

Other claims from this paper (5)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Florida teosinte from Honduras and Guanajuato teosinte had mainly internal knobs.

Taxon
teosintee0
Material
Florida teosinte from Honduras and Guanajuato teosintee0
Outcome
most of their knobs internally locatede0

Verbatim

e0

“Florida teosinte from Honduras and Guanajuato teosinte have most of their knobs internally located”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–98

Title

CHROMOSOME POLYMORPHISM OF TEOSINTE

Y C Ting Genetics 1976. doi:10.1093/genetics/83.4.737

Other claims from this paper (5)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Avena glume waxes showed plates, knobs and filaments.

Taxon
AvenaAvenat0
Outcome
plates, knobs, and filamentse0

Verbatim

e0

“Three basic patterns were discerned, plates, knobs, and filaments”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 155–220
t0

“Avena”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 36–41

Title

The epicuticular waxes of glumes of Avena: a scanning electron microscopic study of the morphological patterns in all the species

B. R. Baum; V. E. Hadland Canadian Journal of Botany 1975. doi:10.1139/b75-200

Other claims from this paper (4)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

M, C and T synthetic groups differed in chromosome knob number, kernel row number and maturity time.

Material
M, C, and T groupse1
Outcome
number of chromosome knobs, number of kernel rows, and time of maturitye1

Verbatim

e0

“Thirty‐six synthetic lines of corn ( Zea mays L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–49
e1

“the M, C, and T groups differed in the number of chromosome knobs, number of kernel rows, and time of maturity.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 432–543

Title

Evaluation of Exotic Germ Plasm for Improving Corn Hybrids in Northern United States1

Y. Efron; H. L. Everett Crop Science 1969. doi:10.2135/cropsci1969.0011183x000900010015x

Other claims from this paper (7)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

New knob-forming chromosomal segments were located.

Taxon
MaizeZea mayst0
Outcome
New knob forming segmentse0

Verbatim

e0

“New knob forming segments have been located”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 261–304
t0

“Italian Maize Population”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 25–49

Title

Heterochromatic Knobs in Italian Maize Population and the Evolution of Maize in Italy

M. V. Ghatnekar CYTOLOGIA 1965. doi:10.1508/cytologia.30.402

Other claims from this paper (4)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Several chromosome aberrations were observed during meiosis.

Taxon
MaizeZea mayst0
Outcome
chromosome aberrationse0

Verbatim

e0

“In the course of meiotic studies several chromosome aberrations have been observed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 380–462
t0

“Italian Maize Population”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 25–49

Title

Heterochromatic Knobs in Italian Maize Population and the Evolution of Maize in Italy

M. V. Ghatnekar CYTOLOGIA 1965. doi:10.1508/cytologia.30.402

Other claims from this paper (4)
Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

A. crispa knobs were larger than those of A. punctata.

Outcome
size of the knobse0
Direction
largere0

Not reportedTaxon

Verbatim

e0

“the size of the knobs of the former plant is larger”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 718–769

Title

Studies on the Leaf Nodules V The Formation of Knobs by the Effect of Antibiotics on theArdisia crispa andA. punctata

Tamotsu YAMADA Shokubutsugaku Zasshi 1955. doi:10.15281/jplantres1887.68.267

Other claims from this paper (8)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Knobs contained epidermis, cortex and central cylinder, with no meristem or leaf-nodule-bacteria detected.

Outcome
epidermis, cortex and central cylinder, and no meristem and leaf-nodule-bacteriae0

Not reportedTaxonDirection

Verbatim

e0

“The knobs are formed of epidermis, cortex and central cylinder, and no meristem and leaf-nodule-bacteria are recognized in any part of them by microscope”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 773–926

Title

Studies on the Leaf Nodules V The Formation of Knobs by the Effect of Antibiotics on theArdisia crispa andA. punctata

Tamotsu YAMADA Shokubutsugaku Zasshi 1955. doi:10.15281/jplantres1887.68.267

Other claims from this paper (8)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Rotylenchus boocki differs from R. brachyurus by a greater distance between the dorsal gland duct opening in the esophageal canal and the stylet knobs.

Taxon
R. boockie0
Outcome
maior distância entre o orificio onde vem se abrir, no canal do esofago, o conduto da glandula dorsal e os bulbos do estiletee1
Comparator
R. brachyurus Steiner, 1938e0

Not reportedDirection

Verbatim

e0

“R. boocki e um Rotylenchus muito proximo de R. brachyurus Steiner, 1938”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 725–796
e1

“pela maior distância entre o orificio onde vem se abrir, no canal do esofago, o conduto da glandula dorsal e os bulbos do estilete”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 876–1006

Title

A Note On Nematode Parasites of Red Anthurium (Anthurium Andraeanum Lind.), With a Description of Rotylenchus Boocki N. Sp. 1)

LUIZ GONZAGA E. Lordello Nematologica 1957. doi:10.1163/187529257x00338

Other claims from this paper (6)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

A chromosome pair with terminal knobs remained attached to nucleoli in somatic prophase.

Outcome
In the somatic prophase a pair of chromosomes with terminal knob-like bodies remain attached by the knob to two Small nucleoli or one large nucleolus which results by the fusion of the two.e0

Verbatim

e0

“In the somatic prophase a pair of chromosomes with terminal knob-like bodies remain attached by the knob to two Small nucleoli or one large nucleolus which results by the fusion of the two.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 214–403
t0

“Rice”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 30–34

Title

Cytological Investigations of Rice Varieties

H. K. Nandi CYTOLOGIA 1937. doi:10.1508/cytologia.8.277

Other claims from this paper (17)

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