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“surface application”

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plus 2 earlier · 1930s–1940s

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Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Subsurface application caused fewer predator losses than surface application.

Taxon: cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
Treatment: sub‐surface treatmente0
Outcome: lossese0
Direction: reducede0
Comparator: surface treatmente0

Verbatim

e0
“These losses were significantly reduced in the sub‐surface treatment compared with the surface treatment.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 417–522

e1
“cabbage transplants”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 188–207

Title

OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF INSECTICIDES ON COLEOPTEROUS PREDATORS OF ERIOISCHIA BRASSICAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)

SHERIF A. HASSAN Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 1969. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1969.tb02511.x

Other claims from this paper (4)

Intervention effect Diazinon reduced carabid and staphylinid predator numbers for about 11 weeks.
Intervention effect Carabid captures under chlorfenvinphos did not differ from control.
Intervention effect Chlorfenvinphos significantly reduced staphylinids.
Intervention effect Predation significantly reduced cabbage root fly eggs in the field.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Surface application improved A. spinosa control.

Taxon: CUCURBITSt0
Treatment: Surface applicatione0
Interactor: A. spinosae0weed
Outcome: A. spinosae0
Direction: bettere0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Surface application provided better control of Amaranthus hybridus and A. spinosa.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 604–686

t0
“CUCURBITS”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 35–44

Title

EVALUATION OF CLOMAZONE FOR USE IN CUCURBITS

Wayne C. Porter HortScience 1993. doi:10.21273/hortsci.28.4.270a

Other claims from this paper (9)

Intervention effect The cucurbit crops showed chlorosis after clomazone application.
Observation Cucurbit tolerance ranked pumpkin and squash above cucumber, watermelon, and cantaloupe.
Intervention effect Application method did not affect crop vigor.
Observation Pumpkin cultivars differed in clomazone tolerance.
Intervention effect Clomazone controlled Brachiaria platyphylla with both application methods.
Intervention effect Clomazone controlled Portulaca oleracea with both application methods.
Intervention effect Surface application improved Amaranthus hybridus control.
Observation Mollugo verticillata was not controlled.
Intervention effect Preplant incorporated clomazone tended to reduce watermelon yield.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Biochar application increased root surface area by 39%.

Treatment: biochar applicatione0
Outcome: surface areae0
Direction: increasede0
Value: 39%e0

Not reportedTaxonComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Overall, biochar application increased root biomass (+32%), root volume (+29%) and surface area (39%)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 437–538

Title

Effects of biochar application on root traits: a meta‐analysis

Yangzhou Xiang; Qi Deng; Honglang Duan; et al. GCB Bioenergy 2017. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12449

Other claims from this paper (12)

Intervention effect Biochar application increased root biomass by 32%.
Intervention effect Biochar application increased root volume by 29%.
Intervention effect Biochar application increased root length by 52%, much more than root diameter.
Intervention effect Biochar application increased the number of root tips by 17%.
Intervention effect Biochar application increased root diameter by 9.9%, much less than root length and tip number.
Intervention effect Biochar application did not change root N concentration.
Intervention effect Biochar application significantly increased root P concentration by 22%, particularly when combined with N fertilization.
Intervention effect Biochar application significantly increased the number of root nodules by 25%.
Association Responses of root traits to biochar were generally greater in annual plants than in perennial plants.
Association Responses of root traits to biochar were affected by soil texture and pH values.
Association The biochar production process (pyrolysis temperature and time) appears to play a more important role in regulating root growth than biochar source.
Mechanism The pattern of root increases suggests biochar benefits root morphological development to alleviate plant nutrient and water deficiency rather than to maximize biomass accumulation.

Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivebasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

Surface application may be beneficial to annual and perennial crops.

Taxon: annual and perennial cropse0
Outcome: surface applicatione0

Verbatim

e0
“surface application may be beneficial to annual and perennial crops”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1391–1458

Title

Surface-applied or incorporated biochar and compost combination improves soil fertility, Chinese cabbage and papaya biomass

Justine Cox; Nguyen V. Hue; Amjad Ahmad; et al. Biochar 2021. doi:10.1007/s42773-020-00081-z

Other claims from this paper (14)

Intervention effect Incorporated biochar and compost increased soil pH by 0.4–1.1 units in the 0–10 cm layer.
Intervention effect Surface-applied biochar and compost increased soil pH by 0.2–0.5 units in the 0–10 cm layer.
Intervention effect Surface-applied biochar and compost increased soil total N and extractable P in the 0–10 cm layer.
Intervention effect Incorporated biochar and compost increased soil total N and extractable P in the 0–10 cm layer.
Intervention effect Surface-applied biochar and compost increased extractable Ca and Mg in the 0–10 cm layer.
Intervention effect Incorporated biochar and compost increased extractable Ca and Mg in the 0–10 cm layer.
Intervention effect Incorporated biochar and compost raised soil pH, total C and extractable Ca in the 10–20 cm layer.
Intervention effect Incorporated biochar and compost increased Chinese cabbage biomass by 18–70% over unamended soil.
Intervention effect Surface-applied biochar and compost increased Chinese cabbage biomass by 14–47% over unamended soil.
Intervention effect Surface-applied biochar and compost increased papaya biomass by 23%.
Intervention effect Incorporated biochar and compost increased papaya biomass by 19%.
Association Amendments gave a greater response in the acidic Andisol than in the Oxisol, with larger improvements in soil pH, nutrient uptake and root biomass.
Intervention effect Surface application increased plant growth as effectively as incorporated amendment.
Recommendation Biochar and compost are recommended for use in tropical soils.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Ditch application gave greater yield than surface application.

Taxon: wheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: Ditch applicatione0
Outcome: greater valuese0
Direction: greatere0
Comparator: surface applicatione0

Verbatim

e0
“Ditch application recorded greater values over surface application”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 722–788

t0
“Wheat and Rice Crops”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 47–67

Title

Rates and Methods of Rice Straw Application to Wheat and Rice Crops and the Implications on Crop Productivity as Well as some Soil Properties

A Ewis; M Sobh; M Amer; et al. Egyptian Journal of Soil Science 2014. doi:10.21608/ejss.2014.126

Other claims from this paper (8)

Intervention effect Straw application slightly reduced wheat grain yield.
Intervention effect Straw application markedly reduced wheat straw yield.
Intervention effect Rice residue lowered wheat nitrogen and phosphorus uptake.
Intervention effect Rice residue increased wheat potassium uptake relative to untreated plots.
Intervention effect Residual rice straw affected succeeding rice yields, nutrient uptake and protein percent.
Intervention effect Ditch placement was superior to broadcast placement.
Association Increasing spacing between ditches reduced the reported response.
Association Lower application rate reduced the reported response.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Surface application improved Amaranthus hybridus control.

Taxon: CUCURBITSt0
Treatment: Surface applicatione0
Interactor: Amaranthus hybridusAmaranthus hybriduse0weed
Outcome: control of Amaranthus hybriduse0
Direction: bettere0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Surface application provided better control of Amaranthus hybridus and A. spinosa.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 604–686

t0
“CUCURBITS”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 35–44

Title

EVALUATION OF CLOMAZONE FOR USE IN CUCURBITS

Wayne C. Porter HortScience 1993. doi:10.21273/hortsci.28.4.270a

Other claims from this paper (9)

Intervention effect The cucurbit crops showed chlorosis after clomazone application.
Observation Cucurbit tolerance ranked pumpkin and squash above cucumber, watermelon, and cantaloupe.
Intervention effect Application method did not affect crop vigor.
Observation Pumpkin cultivars differed in clomazone tolerance.
Intervention effect Clomazone controlled Brachiaria platyphylla with both application methods.
Intervention effect Clomazone controlled Portulaca oleracea with both application methods.
Intervention effect Surface application improved A. spinosa control.
Observation Mollugo verticillata was not controlled.
Intervention effect Preplant incorporated clomazone tended to reduce watermelon yield.

Intervention effectauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Injection had an economic advantage over surface application at comparable rates.

Taxon: cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
Treatment: injectinge0
Outcome: economic advantagee0
Direction: advantagee0
Comparator: surface applicatione0

Verbatim

t0
“corn”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 72–76

e0
“there is an economic advantage for injecting versus surface application given comparable application rates.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1033–1140

Title

Economic impact of varying swine manure application rates on continuous corn

Craig Chase; Michael Duffy; William Lotz Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 1991. doi:10.1080/00224561.1991.12456661

Other claims from this paper (9)

Intervention effect The 112.2-kl surface manure application had the highest average corn yield per hectare.
Intervention effect Commercial fertilizer produced the third-highest yield, significantly below the 112.2-kl manure rate.
Intervention effect The check treatment had significantly lower average yield than all fertilized treatments.
Observation At the specified farm scale, the 112.2-kl manure rate would cover only 14.8 ha.
Observation The remaining 86.5 ha would require commercial fertilization.
Intervention effect The 18.7-kl injected treatment produced the highest return per hectare.
Intervention effect The 37.4-kl injected treatment produced the highest return per hectare.
Observation The 18.7-kl and 37.4-kl injected treatments produced the highest returns across hectares and prices.
Intervention effect Lower manure rates were economical and labor saving relative to disposal rates.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Surface fertilizer application increased shoot dry matter.

Taxon: SoybeanGlycine maxt0
Treatment: surface applicatione0
Outcome: shoot dry matter productione0
Direction: greatere0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“surface application stimulated greater shoot dry matter production”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1428–1494

t0
“Soybean”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 38–45

Title

Root Architecture and Early Growth of Soybean as Influenced by Nitrogen Fertilizer Placement

Camila Moreira Gomes; Laura Antônia Lange Obregon Bertolli; Lara Oliveira Prestes Lourenço; et al. Caderno Pedagógico 2025. doi:10.54033/cadpedv22n11-326

Other claims from this paper (5)

Intervention effect Furrow applied fertilizer favored soybean root deepening.
Intervention effect Furrow applied fertilizer increased leaf number.
Intervention effect Soil incorporated fertilizer increased lateral root formation.
Intervention effect No fertilizer produced the highest total root biomass.
Association Water availability strongly influenced fertilizer placement effects.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Incorporation and surface application both increased soybean grain yield.

Taxon: soybeanGlycine maxe0
Treatment: incorporation and surface applicatione0
Outcome: soybean grain yielde0
Direction: increasinge0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“both incorporation and surface application are efficient in increasing soybean grain yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1348–1438

Title

Physiological, biochemical and nutritional changes in soybean in response to application of steel slag

Alessandra Vieira da Silva; Angélica Cristina Fernandes Deus; Mara Lúcia Cruz de Souza; et al. Australian Journal of Crop Science 2021. doi:10.21475/ajcs.21.15.12.p3269

Other claims from this paper (7)

Intervention effect Incorporation increased fresh and dry leaf mass and fresh stem mass over surface application.
Intervention effect Incorporation increased chlorophyll b and leaf K levels.
Intervention effect Incorporation increased plants per hectare and pods per plant.
Intervention effect Application method did not differ in soybean yield.
Intervention effect Steel slag significantly increased soybean yield.
Intervention effect Wollastonite significantly increased soybean yield.
Intervention effect Calcined dolomite significantly increased soybean yield.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Soil application of ZnSO4 increased root biomass and root surface area of tomato.

Taxon: tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
Treatment: Soil applicatione2
Outcome: root biomass and root surface areae2
Direction: increasede2

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

t0
“Drought Tomato”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 34–48

e2
“Soil application increased root biomass and root surface area”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 914–975

Title

The Roots and Leaves Character of Drought Tomato on Application of ZnSO4

Amalia T Sakya; Endang Sulistyaningsih; Didik Indradewa; et al. Sains Tanah - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology 2017. doi:10.15608/stjssa.v13i2.542

Other claims from this paper (5)

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“surface application”

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