Abstract
The introduced grass Hymenachne amplexicaulis has been established for use in ponded pastures in Central Queensland. However, its ability to out compete native species and invade wetlands makes it a potential weed. To determine the characteristics that make it a successful ponded pasture species, the adaptation of H. amplexicaulis to flooding has been investigated. The growth and development of H. amplexicaulis under flooded and non-flooded conditions was compared in a series of experiments carried out in three 2 m high galvanised steel tanks. Leaf, stem and root sections were taken to determine the timing and extent of aerenchyma formation. The effect of flooding on the pattern and distribution of growth was also determined. Hymenachne amplexicaulis is adapted to flooding because it has the capacity for rapid elongation of the stem and the formation of adventitious roots. Aerenchyma was present in stem, leaf and root tissues in both flooded and non-flooded plants. The aerenchyma would provide buoyancy as well as aiding the circulation of gases. When the plants were flooded, submerged leaves senesced rapidly and the previously exposed, but now submerged nodes produced adventitious roots. Under flooding, the growth of leaves increased at the expense of the roots, presumably maintaining the effective photosynthetic leaf area. The implications and limitations of these adaptations are discussed.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
The grass elongates stems rapidly and forms adventitious roots under flooding.
- Taxon
- Hymenachne amplexicaulis
Hymenachne amplexicaulise0 - Organ / stage
- steme0
- Outcome
- rapid elongation of the stem and the formation of adventitious rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hymenachne amplexicaulis is adapted to flooding because it has the capacity for rapid elongation of the stem and the formation of adventitious roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerenchyma occurred in stem, leaf and root under both flooded and non-flooded conditions.
- Taxon
- Hymenachne amplexicaulisHymenachne amplexicaulist0
- Organ / stage
- stem, leaf and root tissuese0
- Outcome
- Aerenchyma was presente0
- Qualifier
- both flooded and non-flooded plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aerenchyma was present in stem, leaf and root tissues in both flooded and non-flooded plants”
t0“Hymenachne amplexicaulis”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer aerenchyma provides buoyancy and aids gas circulation.
- Taxon
- Hymenachne amplexicaulisHymenachne amplexicaulist0
- Organ / stage
- aerenchymae0
- Outcome
- buoyancy as well as aiding the circulation of gasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The aerenchyma would provide buoyancy as well as aiding the circulation of gases”
t0“Hymenachne amplexicaulis”
Claim · model-written summary
Flooding rapidly senesced submerged leaves.
- Taxon
- Hymenachne amplexicaulisHymenachne amplexicaulist0
- Organ / stage
- submerged leavese0
- Treatment
- floodede0
- Outcome
- submerged leaves senescede0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the plants were flooded, submerged leaves senesced rapidly”
t0“Hymenachne amplexicaulis”
Claim · model-written summary
Flooding induced adventitious roots from newly submerged nodes.
- Taxon
- Hymenachne amplexicaulisHymenachne amplexicaulist0
- Organ / stage
- submerged nodese0
- Treatment
- floodedt1
- Outcome
- submerged nodes produced adventitious rootse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the previously exposed, but now submerged nodes produced adventitious roots”
t0“Hymenachne amplexicaulis”
t1“When the plants were flooded”
Claim · model-written summary
Under flooding leaf growth increased at the expense of root growth.
- Taxon
- Hymenachne amplexicaulisHymenachne amplexicaulist0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- floodinge0
- Outcome
- growth of leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under flooding, the growth of leaves increased at the expense of the roots”
t0“Hymenachne amplexicaulis”
Claim · model-written summary
Under flooding root growth fell relative to leaf growth.
- Taxon
- Hymenachne amplexicaulisHymenachne amplexicaulist0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- floodinge0
- Outcome
- rootse0
- Direction
- at the expense ofe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under flooding, the growth of leaves increased at the expense of the roots”
t0“Hymenachne amplexicaulis”