Abstract
Floral thermogenesis has been found in several plant species. The spadix of one thermoregulatory plant, the Eastern Asian skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus renifolius), can maintain its temperature at approximately 22-26°C for several days, even when the ambient temperature falls below freezing. There are two major stages in skunk cabbage inflorescence development: the thermogenic female stage and the non-thermogenic male stage; in the former the spadix can produce massive amounts of heat, whereas in the latter, thermogenesis is undetectable. Based on previous studies, there is a positive correlation between heat production and the abundance of mitochondria in plant tissues and cells, and genes involved in cellular respiration and mitochondrial function are significantly enhanced at the female stage. Taken together, these findings suggest that the increased respiration or mitochondrial abundance observed in thermogenic tissues may be attributable to the high expression of specific genes. This review summarizes new insights into the changes in intracellular structures and gene expression profiles of skunk cabbage spadices during the female-male transition and proposes possible processes that are essential for each stage during floral development.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
The spadix of skunk cabbage can maintain its temperature at approximately 22-26°C for several days even when ambient temperature falls below freezing.
- Taxon
- skunk cabbage
Symplocarpus foetiduse0 - Organ / stage
- spadixe0
- Outcome
- temperaturee0
- Value
- approximately 22-26°Ce0
- Qualifier
- even when the ambient temperature falls below freezinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The spadix of one thermoregulatory plant, the Eastern Asian skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus renifolius), can maintain its temperature at approximately 22-26°C for several days, even when the ambient temperature falls below freezing”
Claim · model-written summary
In the thermogenic female stage of skunk cabbage inflorescence development, the spadix produces massive amounts of heat.
- Taxon
- skunk cabbageSymplocarpus foetiduse0
- Organ / stage
- thermogenic female stagee1
- Outcome
- massive amounts of heate1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus renifolius)”
e1“the thermogenic female stage and the non-thermogenic male stage; in the former the spadix can produce massive amounts of heat”
Claim · model-written summary
In the non-thermogenic male stage of skunk cabbage, thermogenesis is undetectable.
- Taxon
- skunk cabbageSymplocarpus foetiduse0
- Organ / stage
- non-thermogenic male stagee1
- Outcome
- thermogenesis is undetectablee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus renifolius)”
e1“the non-thermogenic male stage; in the former the spadix can produce massive amounts of heat, whereas in the latter, thermogenesis is undetectable”
Claim · model-written summary
Earlier studies reported a positive correlation between heat production and mitochondrial abundance in plant tissues and cells.
- Taxon
- skunk cabbageSymplocarpus foetiduse0
- Organ / stage
- plant tissues and cellse1
- Outcome
- heat productione1
- Direction
- positivee1
- Qualifier
- abundance of mitochondriae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus renifolius)”
e1“there is a positive correlation between heat production and the abundance of mitochondria in plant tissues and cells”
Claim · model-written summary
Earlier studies reported that genes involved in cellular respiration and mitochondrial function are significantly enhanced at the female stage.
- Taxon
- skunk cabbageSymplocarpus foetiduse0
- Organ / stage
- female stagee1
- Outcome
- genes involved in cellular respiration and mitochondrial function are significantly enhancede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus renifolius)”
e1“genes involved in cellular respiration and mitochondrial function are significantly enhanced at the female stage”
Claim · model-written summary
The review proposes that the increased respiration or mitochondrial abundance in thermogenic tissues may be attributable to high expression of specific genes.
- Taxon
- skunk cabbageSymplocarpus foetiduse0
- Organ / stage
- thermogenic tissuese1
- Outcome
- increased respiration or mitochondrial abundancee1
- Qualifier
- high expression of specific genese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus renifolius)”
e1“the increased respiration or mitochondrial abundance observed in thermogenic tissues may be attributable to the high expression of specific genes”