Abstract
Surface broadcasting is still the predominant mode of potassium (K) fertilizer application for soybeans in no-till (NT) systems even though K is relatively immobile and vertical soil K stratification is often evident in NT fields. Soybean yield in conservation tillage systems may be improved by banding K fertilizer below seeding depth. Certain soybean seed quality parameters may also be affected by K fertilizer management systems since K is so essential in plant enzymes. The objectives of this research were to investigate K nutrition, yield, and quality responses of soybeans resulting from alternate K fertilizer placements (band placement versus surface broadcasting, and applied directly before soybeans versus residual effects associated with application to previous corn) in various tillage (such as zone-till, fall disk, and NT) and row-width systems imposed after long-term NT. All 17 experimental site-years had a minimum 5-yr NT history prior to treatment initiation. Soybean responses to K placement were generally unaffected by tillage and row width (from 18 to 76 cm) on medium- to high-exchangeable K soils. Trifoliate leaf K concentrations were increased by K application even on medium- to high-testing K soils. Yield responded positively to direct K fertilization most frequently on low K soils. Despite vertical soil K stratification, deep banded K increased yield, relative to broadcast K, only on low K soils and only when most soybean rows were in close proximity to fertilizer bands. On low-testing soils, leaf K concentrations and yield were over 10% higher for NT soybeans planted over previous corn rows, compared to those between rows, even when corn received no K fertilizer. Soybean seed K concentrations increased up to 3 g kg−1 after both direct and residual K applications. Potassium fertilization increased daidzein, genistein, and total isoflavone concentrations in soybean seeds. Seed isoflavone concentrations were positively correlated to yield, seed K and oil concentrations. There was no apparent yield or seed composition benefit from banded versus broadcast K application except on low K soils. Possible preceding corn row impacts on horizontal soil K distribution should be considered when narrow-row NT soybeans follow corn on soils with low to medium K concentrations.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean responses to K placement were generally unaffected by tillage and row width on medium to high K soils.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- K placemente0
- Outcome
- Soybean responsese0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
- Qualifier
- medium- to high-exchangeable K soilse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean responses to K placement were generally unaffected by tillage and row width (from 18 to 76 cm) on medium- to high-exchangeable K soils.”
Claim · model-written summary
K application increased trifoliate leaf K concentrations even on medium to high testing soils.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- K applicatione0
- Outcome
- Trifoliate leaf K concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- medium- to high-testing K soilse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifoliate leaf K concentrations were increased by K application even on medium- to high-testing K soils.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield most frequently responded positively to direct K fertilization on low K soils.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- direct K fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- Yielde0
- Direction
- positivelye0
- Qualifier
- low K soilse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield responded positively to direct K fertilization most frequently on low K soils.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep banded K increased yield relative to broadcast K only on low K soils with rows near bands.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- deep banded Ke0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- only on low K soils and only when most soybean rows were in close proximity to fertilizer bandse0
- Comparator
- broadcast Ke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“deep banded K increased yield, relative to broadcast K, only on low K soils and only when most soybean rows were in close proximity to fertilizer bands.”
Claim · model-written summary
On low testing soils, leaf K concentration was over 10% higher for NT soybeans over previous corn rows than between rows.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- planted over previous corn rowse0
- Outcome
- leaf K concentrationse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- over 10%e0
- Comparator
- those between rowse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On low-testing soils, leaf K concentrations and yield were over 10% higher for NT soybeans planted over previous corn rows, compared to those between rows, even when corn received no K fertilizer.”
Claim · model-written summary
On low testing soils, yield was over 10% higher for NT soybeans over previous corn rows than between rows.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- planted over previous corn rowse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- over 10%e0
- Comparator
- those between rowse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On low-testing soils, leaf K concentrations and yield were over 10% higher for NT soybeans planted over previous corn rows, compared to those between rows, even when corn received no K fertilizer.”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct K application increased seed K concentration by up to 3 g kg−1.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- directe0
- Outcome
- seed K concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- up to 3 g kg−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean seed K concentrations increased up to 3 g kg−1 after both direct and residual K applications.”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual K application increased seed K concentration by up to 3 g kg−1.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- residual K applicationse0
- Outcome
- seed K concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- up to 3 g kg−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean seed K concentrations increased up to 3 g kg−1 after both direct and residual K applications.”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium fertilization increased daidzein, genistein and total isoflavone concentrations in soybean seeds.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Treatment
- Potassium fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- daidzein, genistein, and total isoflavone concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium fertilization increased daidzein, genistein, and total isoflavone concentrations in soybean seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed isoflavone concentrations were positively correlated with yield.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- Seede0
- Outcome
- Seed isoflavone concentrationse0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed isoflavone concentrations were positively correlated to yield, seed K and oil concentrations.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed isoflavone concentrations were positively correlated with seed K concentration.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- Seede0
- Outcome
- Seed isoflavone concentrationse0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- seed Ke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed isoflavone concentrations were positively correlated to yield, seed K and oil concentrations.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed isoflavone concentrations were positively correlated with oil concentration.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- Seede0
- Outcome
- Seed isoflavone concentrationse0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- oil concentrationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed isoflavone concentrations were positively correlated to yield, seed K and oil concentrations.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Banded versus broadcast K had no apparent yield or composition benefit except on low K soils.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- bandede0
- Outcome
- yield or seed composition benefite0
- Direction
- no apparente0
- Qualifier
- except on low K soilse0
- Comparator
- broadcast K applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no apparent yield or seed composition benefit from banded versus broadcast K application except on low K soils.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend considering preceding corn row effects on horizontal soil K distribution when narrow row NT soybeans follow corn on low to medium K soils.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- preceding corn row impacts on horizontal soil K distribution should be considerede0
- Qualifier
- soils with low to medium K concentrationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Possible preceding corn row impacts on horizontal soil K distribution should be considered when narrow-row NT soybeans follow corn on soils with low to medium K concentrations.”
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