Abstract
The super absorbents (SAP) have proven to increase germination rate and yield, but the effectiveness is depends on their application methods. Three methods were investigated, (i) seeds mixed with water absorbed polymer and soil (SMP), (ii) spreading dry SAP mixed with soil in furrow (PSF), and (iii) spreading dry SAP on soil surface then ploughing the soil in 20 cm depth (PSP). The results showed that three application methods increased germination rate by 37.6(SMP), 16.7(PSF) and 5.9%(PSP) and also improved carrot yield by 20, 14 and 5% respectively when compared with their controls in the first year. The SAPs applied in soil could absorb more water to improve soil moisture and also loosen soil surface structure due to swelling. The SMP method with better mixture of SAP and carrot seeds resulted in more SAP around seeds and more air into soil, and thus higher germination rate and yield. It seemed that the increase in amount of SAPs from 45 to 75 Kg hectare-1 had no further effects on improving carrot yield for SMP and PSP methods, but evidently reduced germination rate for PSF. The increased amount of SAPs for the method resulted in more pores around seeds and more evaporation and made seeds subject to drying during germination. However, the soil applied with SAP increased carrot yields significantly in the following three years increasing from 22.62 to 50.0%. This is due to better mixing of SAPs with soil by ploughing and improving soil structures favourable to carrot growth.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds mixed with SAP and soil (SMP) increased carrot germination rate by 37.6 relative to controls in the first year.
- Taxon
- carrot
Daucus carotat0 - Treatment
- seeds mixed with water absorbed polymer and soile0
- Outcome
- germination ratee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 37.6e1
- Qualifier
- in the first yeare1
- Comparator
- their controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of super absorbent polymers application methods on carrot germination and growth”
e0“seeds mixed with water absorbed polymer and soil (SMP)”
e1“The results showed that three application methods increased germination rate by 37.6(SMP), 16.7(PSF) and 5.9%(PSP) and also improved carrot yield by 20, 14 and 5% respectively when compared with their controls in the first year”
Claim · model-written summary
Spreading dry SAP mixed with soil in furrow (PSF) increased carrot germination rate by 16.7 relative to controls in the first year.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotat0
- Treatment
- spreading dry SAP mixed with soil in furrowe2
- Outcome
- germination ratee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 16.7e1
- Qualifier
- in the first yeare1
- Comparator
- their controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of super absorbent polymers application methods on carrot germination and growth”
e2“spreading dry SAP mixed with soil in furrow (PSF)”
e1“The results showed that three application methods increased germination rate by 37.6(SMP), 16.7(PSF) and 5.9%(PSP) and also improved carrot yield by 20, 14 and 5% respectively when compared with their controls in the first year”
Claim · model-written summary
Spreading dry SAP on the soil surface then ploughing (PSP) increased carrot germination rate by 5.9% relative to controls in the first year.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotat0
- Treatment
- spreading dry SAP on soil surface then ploughing the soil in 20 cm depthe3
- Outcome
- germination ratee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 5.9%e1
- Qualifier
- in the first yeare1
- Comparator
- their controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of super absorbent polymers application methods on carrot germination and growth”
e3“spreading dry SAP on soil surface then ploughing the soil in 20 cm depth (PSP)”
e1“The results showed that three application methods increased germination rate by 37.6(SMP), 16.7(PSF) and 5.9%(PSP) and also improved carrot yield by 20, 14 and 5% respectively when compared with their controls in the first year”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds mixed with SAP and soil (SMP) improved carrot yield by 20 relative to controls in the first year.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotat0
- Treatment
- seeds mixed with water absorbed polymer and soile0
- Outcome
- carrot yielde1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 20e1
- Qualifier
- in the first yeare1
- Comparator
- their controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of super absorbent polymers application methods on carrot germination and growth”
e0“seeds mixed with water absorbed polymer and soil (SMP)”
e1“The results showed that three application methods increased germination rate by 37.6(SMP), 16.7(PSF) and 5.9%(PSP) and also improved carrot yield by 20, 14 and 5% respectively when compared with their controls in the first year”
Claim · model-written summary
Spreading dry SAP mixed with soil in furrow (PSF) improved carrot yield by 14 relative to controls in the first year.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotat0
- Treatment
- spreading dry SAP mixed with soil in furrowe2
- Outcome
- carrot yielde1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 14e1
- Qualifier
- in the first yeare1
- Comparator
- their controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of super absorbent polymers application methods on carrot germination and growth”
e2“spreading dry SAP mixed with soil in furrow (PSF)”
e1“The results showed that three application methods increased germination rate by 37.6(SMP), 16.7(PSF) and 5.9%(PSP) and also improved carrot yield by 20, 14 and 5% respectively when compared with their controls in the first year”
Claim · model-written summary
Spreading dry SAP on the soil surface then ploughing (PSP) improved carrot yield by 5% relative to controls in the first year.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotat0
- Treatment
- spreading dry SAP on soil surface then ploughing the soil in 20 cm depthe3
- Outcome
- carrot yielde1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 5%e1
- Qualifier
- in the first yeare1
- Comparator
- their controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of super absorbent polymers application methods on carrot germination and growth”
e3“spreading dry SAP on soil surface then ploughing the soil in 20 cm depth (PSP)”
e1“The results showed that three application methods increased germination rate by 37.6(SMP), 16.7(PSF) and 5.9%(PSP) and also improved carrot yield by 20, 14 and 5% respectively when compared with their controls in the first year”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing the SAP amount from 45 to 75 kg/ha had no further effect on carrot yield for the SMP and PSP methods.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotat0
- Treatment
- increase in amount of SAPse4
- Outcome
- carrot yielde4
- Direction
- no further effectse4
- Qualifier
- for SMP and PSP methodse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of super absorbent polymers application methods on carrot germination and growth”
e4“It seemed that the increase in amount of SAPs from 45 to 75 Kg hectare-1 had no further effects on improving carrot yield for SMP and PSP methods, but evidently reduced germination rate for PSF”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing the SAP amount reduced carrot germination rate for the PSF method.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotat0
- Treatment
- increase in amount of SAPse4
- Outcome
- germination ratee4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Qualifier
- for PSFe4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of super absorbent polymers application methods on carrot germination and growth”
e4“It seemed that the increase in amount of SAPs from 45 to 75 Kg hectare-1 had no further effects on improving carrot yield for SMP and PSP methods, but evidently reduced germination rate for PSF”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil-applied SAP increased carrot yields significantly in the following three years, by 22.62 to 50.0%.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotat0
- Treatment
- soil applied with SAPe5
- Outcome
- carrot yieldse5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 22.62 to 50.0%e5
- Qualifier
- in the following three yearse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of super absorbent polymers application methods on carrot germination and growth”
e5“However, the soil applied with SAP increased carrot yields significantly in the following three years increasing from 22.62 to 50.0%”
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