Abstract
In previous studies, we have shown that carrot (Daucus carota L.) somatic embryos acquire complete desiccation tolerance when they are treated with abscisic acid during culture and subsequently dried slowly. With this manipulable system at hand, we have assessed damage associated with desiccation intolerance. Fast drying caused loss of viability, and all K+ and carbohydrates leached from the somatic embryos within 5 min of imbibition. The phospholipid content decreased by about 20%, and the free fatty acid content increased, which was not observed after slow drying. However, the extent of acyl chain unsaturation was unaltered, irrespective of the drying rate. These results indicate that, during rapid drying, irreversible changes occur in the membranes that are associated with extensive leakage and loss of germinability. The status of membranes after 2 h of imbibition was analyzed in a freeze-fracture study and by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Rapidly dried somatic embryos had clusters of intramembraneous particles in their plasma membranes, and the transition temperature of isolated membranes was above room temperature. Membrane proteins were irreversibly aggregated in an extended [beta]-sheet conformation and had a reduced proportion of [alpha]-helical structures. In contrast, the slowly dried somatic embryos had irregularly distributed, but non-clustered, intramembraneous particles, the transition temperature was below room temperature, and the membrane proteins were not aggregated in a [beta]-sheet conformation. We suggest that desiccation sensitivity of rapidly dried carrot somatic embryos is indirectly caused by an irreversible phase separation in the membranes due to de-esterification of phospholipids and accumulation of free fatty acids.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Fast drying caused loss of viability in carrot somatic embryos.
- Taxon
- carrot
Daucus carotae0 - Organ / stage
- somatic embryose0
- Treatment
- Fast dryinge1
- Outcome
- viabilitye1
- Direction
- losse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carrot (Daucus carota L.) somatic embryos”
e1“Fast drying caused loss of viability”
Claim · model-written summary
After fast drying, all K+ and carbohydrates leached from the somatic embryos within 5 min of imbibition.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae0
- Outcome
- K+ and carbohydrates leachede1
- Qualifier
- within 5 min of imbibitione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carrot (Daucus carota L.) somatic embryos”
e1“all K+ and carbohydrates leached from the somatic embryos within 5 min of imbibition”
Claim · model-written summary
Fast drying decreased phospholipid content of the somatic embryos by about 20%.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae0
- Treatment
- Fast dryinge2
- Outcome
- phospholipid contente1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 20%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carrot (Daucus carota L.) somatic embryos”
e1“The phospholipid content decreased by about 20%”
e2“Fast drying caused loss of viability”
Claim · model-written summary
Fast drying increased free fatty acid content, which was not observed after slow drying.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae0
- Treatment
- Fast dryinge2
- Outcome
- free fatty acid contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- slow dryinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carrot (Daucus carota L.) somatic embryos”
e1“the free fatty acid content increased, which was not observed after slow drying”
e2“Fast drying caused loss of viability”
Claim · model-written summary
The extent of acyl chain unsaturation was unaltered irrespective of the drying rate.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae0
- Outcome
- extent of acyl chain unsaturatione1
- Qualifier
- irrespective of the drying ratee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carrot (Daucus carota L.) somatic embryos”
e1“the extent of acyl chain unsaturation was unaltered, irrespective of the drying rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Rapidly dried somatic embryos had clusters of intramembraneous particles in their plasma membranes.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae0
- Outcome
- clusters of intramembraneous particles in their plasma membranese1
- Qualifier
- Rapidly driede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carrot (Daucus carota L.) somatic embryos”
e1“Rapidly dried somatic embryos had clusters of intramembraneous particles in their plasma membranes”
Claim · model-written summary
In rapidly dried somatic embryos, membrane proteins were irreversibly aggregated in an extended beta-sheet conformation.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae0
- Outcome
- irreversibly aggregated in an extended [beta]-sheet conformatione1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carrot (Daucus carota L.) somatic embryos”
e1“Membrane proteins were irreversibly aggregated in an extended [beta]-sheet conformation”
Claim · model-written summary
In rapidly dried somatic embryos, membrane proteins had a reduced proportion of alpha-helical structures.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae0
- Outcome
- proportion of [alpha]-helical structurese1
- Direction
- reducede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carrot (Daucus carota L.) somatic embryos”
e1“had a reduced proportion of [alpha]-helical structures”
Claim · model-written summary
Slowly dried somatic embryos had irregularly distributed but non-clustered intramembraneous particles.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae0
- Outcome
- irregularly distributed, but non-clustered, intramembraneous particlese1
- Qualifier
- slowly driede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carrot (Daucus carota L.) somatic embryos”
e1“the slowly dried somatic embryos had irregularly distributed, but non-clustered, intramembraneous particles”
Claim · model-written summary
In slowly dried somatic embryos, membrane proteins were not aggregated in a beta-sheet conformation.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae0
- Outcome
- membrane proteins were not aggregated in a [beta]-sheet conformatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carrot (Daucus carota L.) somatic embryos”
e1“the membrane proteins were not aggregated in a [beta]-sheet conformation”
Claim · model-written summary
During rapid drying, irreversible membrane changes occur that are associated with extensive leakage and loss of germinability.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae0
- Treatment
- rapid dryinge1
- Outcome
- extensive leakage and loss of germinabilitye1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carrot (Daucus carota L.) somatic embryos”
e1“during rapid drying, irreversible changes occur in the membranes that are associated with extensive leakage and loss of germinability”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that desiccation sensitivity of rapidly dried carrot somatic embryos is indirectly caused by an irreversible membrane phase separation due to phospholipid de-esterification and free fatty acid accumulation.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae1
- Outcome
- desiccation sensitivitye1
- Qualifier
- irreversible phase separation in the membranes due to de-esterification of phospholipids and accumulation of free fatty acidse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carrot (Daucus carota L.) somatic embryos”
e1“desiccation sensitivity of rapidly dried carrot somatic embryos is indirectly caused by an irreversible phase separation in the membranes due to de-esterification of phospholipids and accumulation of free fatty acids”
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See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.