Abstract
Abscisic acid-pretreated carrot (Daucus carota) somatic embryos survive dehydration upon slow drying, but fast drying leads to poor survival of the embryos. To determine whether the acquisition of desiccation tolerance is associated with changes in the physical stability of the cytoplasm, in situ Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy was used. Although protein denaturation temperatures were similar in the embryos after slow or fast drying, the extent of the denaturation was greater after fast drying. Slowly dried embryos are in a glassy state at room temperature, and no clearly defined glassy matrix was observed in the rapidly dried embryos. At room temperature the average strength of hydrogen bonding was much weaker in the rapidly dried than in the slowly dried embryos. We interpreted the molecular packing to be "less tight" in the rapidly dried embryos. Whereas sucrose (Suc) is the major soluble carbohydrate after fast drying, upon slow drying the trisaccharide umbelliferose accumulates at the expense of Suc. The possibly protective role of umbelliferose was tested on protein and phospholipid model systems, using Suc as a reference. Both umbelliferose and Suc form a stable glass with drying: They depress the transition temperature of dry liposomal membranes equally well, they both prevent leakage from dry liposomes after rehydration, and they protect a polypeptide that is desiccation sensitive. The similar protection properties in model systems and the apparent interchangeability of both sugars in viable, dry somatic embryos suggest no special role of umbelliferose in the improved physical stability of the slowly dried embryos. Also, during slow drying LEA (late-embryogenesis abundant) transcripts are expressed. We suggest that LEA proteins embedded in the glassy matrix confer stability to these slowly dried embryos.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Fast drying led to poorer survival of ABA-pretreated carrot somatic embryos than slow drying.
- Taxon
- carrot
Daucus carotae1 - Organ / stage
- somatic embryose1
- Treatment
- fast dryinge1
- Outcome
- survivale1
- Direction
- lowerinferrede1
- Comparator
- slow dryinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Abscisic acid-pretreated carrot (Daucus carota) somatic embryos survive dehydration upon slow drying, but fast drying leads to poor survival of the embryos”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein denaturation was greater after fast drying than after slow drying in carrot somatic embryos.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae1
- Organ / stage
- somatic embryose1
- Treatment
- fast dryinge2
- Outcome
- extent of the denaturatione2
- Direction
- greatere2
- Comparator
- slow dryinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Abscisic acid-pretreated carrot (Daucus carota) somatic embryos survive dehydration upon slow drying, but fast drying leads to poor survival of the embryos”
e2“Although protein denaturation temperatures were similar in the embryos after slow or fast drying, the extent of the denaturation was greater after fast drying”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein denaturation temperatures were similar after slow and fast drying of carrot somatic embryos.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae1
- Organ / stage
- somatic embryose1
- Treatment
- fast dryinge2
- Outcome
- protein denaturation temperaturese2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Comparator
- slow dryinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Abscisic acid-pretreated carrot (Daucus carota) somatic embryos survive dehydration upon slow drying, but fast drying leads to poor survival of the embryos”
e2“Although protein denaturation temperatures were similar in the embryos after slow or fast drying, the extent of the denaturation was greater after fast drying”
Claim · model-written summary
Slowly dried carrot embryos are in a glassy state at room temperature, while rapidly dried embryos show no defined glassy matrix.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae1
- Organ / stage
- somatic embryose1
- Treatment
- slow dryinge1
- Outcome
- glassy state at room temperaturee3
- Comparator
- rapidly dried embryose3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Abscisic acid-pretreated carrot (Daucus carota) somatic embryos survive dehydration upon slow drying, but fast drying leads to poor survival of the embryos”
e3“Slowly dried embryos are in a glassy state at room temperature, and no clearly defined glassy matrix was observed in the rapidly dried embryos”
Claim · model-written summary
The average strength of hydrogen bonding was weaker in rapidly dried than in slowly dried carrot embryos at room temperature.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae1
- Organ / stage
- somatic embryose1
- Treatment
- rapidly driede4
- Outcome
- strength of hydrogen bondinge4
- Direction
- weakere4
- Comparator
- slowly dried embryose4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Abscisic acid-pretreated carrot (Daucus carota) somatic embryos survive dehydration upon slow drying, but fast drying leads to poor survival of the embryos”
e4“At room temperature the average strength of hydrogen bonding was much weaker in the rapidly dried than in the slowly dried embryos”
Claim · model-written summary
Umbelliferose accumulates at the expense of sucrose under slow drying of carrot somatic embryos.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae1
- Treatment
- slow dryinge5
- Outcome
- umbelliferosee5
- Direction
- accumulatese5
- Comparator
- fast dryinge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Abscisic acid-pretreated carrot (Daucus carota) somatic embryos survive dehydration upon slow drying, but fast drying leads to poor survival of the embryos”
e5“Whereas sucrose (Suc) is the major soluble carbohydrate after fast drying, upon slow drying the trisaccharide umbelliferose accumulates at the expense of Suc”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose is the major soluble carbohydrate in carrot somatic embryos after fast drying.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae1
- Treatment
- fast dryinge5
- Outcome
- major soluble carbohydratee5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Abscisic acid-pretreated carrot (Daucus carota) somatic embryos survive dehydration upon slow drying, but fast drying leads to poor survival of the embryos”
e5“Whereas sucrose (Suc) is the major soluble carbohydrate after fast drying, upon slow drying the trisaccharide umbelliferose accumulates at the expense of Suc”
Claim · model-written summary
Umbelliferose and sucrose form a stable glass with drying in model systems.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae1
- Treatment
- umbelliferose and Suce6
- Outcome
- form a stable glasse6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Abscisic acid-pretreated carrot (Daucus carota) somatic embryos survive dehydration upon slow drying, but fast drying leads to poor survival of the embryos”
e6“Both umbelliferose and Suc form a stable glass with drying: They depress the transition temperature of dry liposomal membranes equally well, they both prevent leakage from dry liposomes after rehydration, and they protect a polypeptide that is desiccation sensitive”
Claim · model-written summary
Umbelliferose depressed the transition temperature of dry liposomal membranes as well as sucrose did.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae1
- Treatment
- umbelliferosee6
- Outcome
- transition temperature of dry liposomal membranese6
- Direction
- depresse6
- Qualifier
- equally welle6
- Comparator
- Suce6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Abscisic acid-pretreated carrot (Daucus carota) somatic embryos survive dehydration upon slow drying, but fast drying leads to poor survival of the embryos”
e6“Both umbelliferose and Suc form a stable glass with drying: They depress the transition temperature of dry liposomal membranes equally well, they both prevent leakage from dry liposomes after rehydration, and they protect a polypeptide that is desiccation sensitive”
Claim · model-written summary
Umbelliferose and sucrose prevented leakage from dry liposomes after rehydration.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae1
- Treatment
- umbelliferose and Suce6
- Outcome
- leakage from dry liposomes after rehydratione6
- Direction
- prevente6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Abscisic acid-pretreated carrot (Daucus carota) somatic embryos survive dehydration upon slow drying, but fast drying leads to poor survival of the embryos”
e6“Both umbelliferose and Suc form a stable glass with drying: They depress the transition temperature of dry liposomal membranes equally well, they both prevent leakage from dry liposomes after rehydration, and they protect a polypeptide that is desiccation sensitive”
Claim · model-written summary
Umbelliferose and sucrose protected a desiccation-sensitive polypeptide.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae1
- Treatment
- umbelliferose and Suce6
- Outcome
- polypeptidee6
- Direction
- protecte6
- Qualifier
- desiccation sensitivee6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Abscisic acid-pretreated carrot (Daucus carota) somatic embryos survive dehydration upon slow drying, but fast drying leads to poor survival of the embryos”
e6“Both umbelliferose and Suc form a stable glass with drying: They depress the transition temperature of dry liposomal membranes equally well, they both prevent leakage from dry liposomes after rehydration, and they protect a polypeptide that is desiccation sensitive”
Claim · model-written summary
Umbelliferose does not appear to have a special role in the improved physical stability of slowly dried carrot embryos.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae1
- Compound
- umbelliferosee0
- Outcome
- improved physical stability of the slowly dried embryose0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Abscisic acid-pretreated carrot (Daucus carota) somatic embryos survive dehydration upon slow drying, but fast drying leads to poor survival of the embryos”
e0“The similar protection properties in model systems and the apparent interchangeability of both sugars in viable, dry somatic embryos suggest no special role of umbelliferose in the improved physical stability of the slowly dried embryos”
Claim · model-written summary
LEA transcripts are expressed during slow drying of carrot somatic embryos.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae1
- Treatment
- slow dryinge7
- Gene
- LEAe7
- Outcome
- LEA (late-embryogenesis abundant) transcriptse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Abscisic acid-pretreated carrot (Daucus carota) somatic embryos survive dehydration upon slow drying, but fast drying leads to poor survival of the embryos”
e7“Also, during slow drying LEA (late-embryogenesis abundant) transcripts are expressed. We suggest that LEA proteins embedded in the glassy matrix confer stability to these slowly dried embryos”
Claim · model-written summary
LEA proteins embedded in the glassy matrix are suggested to confer stability to slowly dried carrot embryos.
- Taxon
- carrotDaucus carotae1
- Gene
- LEA proteinse7
- Outcome
- stabilitye7
- Qualifier
- embedded in the glassy matrixe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Abscisic acid-pretreated carrot (Daucus carota) somatic embryos survive dehydration upon slow drying, but fast drying leads to poor survival of the embryos”
e7“Also, during slow drying LEA (late-embryogenesis abundant) transcripts are expressed. We suggest that LEA proteins embedded in the glassy matrix confer stability to these slowly dried embryos”
The same questions in other papers
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- negative
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1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
processing · soil: physics · Daucus carota (carrot)Results agree
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- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.