Abstract
The benefits of silicon (Si) in improving crop fitness by biotic and abiotic stress resistance are widely reported. However, investigations about its protective mechanisms for plants facing multiple stresses are very limited. Two contrasting rice cultivars, KS-282 (salt-tolerant) and IRRI-6 (salt-sensitive), were grown in a pot experiment to study the interrelation between Si supplementation (0 and 150 mg kg-1) and boron (B) toxicity (0 and 2.5 mg kg-1) under salinity stress with emphasis on growth response, mineral contents, physiology, and enzymatic antioxidant system response. The results revealed that adverse growth conditions, particularly the combined stress of salinity and B toxicity, severely affected the physiological attributes of rice. It reduced plant biomass by damaging the membrane, reducing special products analysis division values and photosynthetic efficiency, but Si application counteracted the adverse effects of stress by reducing the uptake of toxic ions such as sodium (Na+) and B, lowering transpiration rate. Increased relative water contents and photosynthetic efficiency due to a higher Si and K+ uptake ultimately led to better growth performance. Si significantly affected activities of enzymatic antioxidants in both genotypes, with increased ascorbate peroxidase, increased guaiacol peroxidase, and reduced catalase activity suggesting relieved stress by reduced oxidative damage. The response to stress and Si differed genotypically, with maximum damage to the salt-sensitive genotype (IRRI-6), particularly under the combined stress of salinity and B toxicity. In contrast, supplied Si improved the growth of the salt-tolerant genotype (KS-282) better than the IRRI-6 (salt-sensitive) genotype. These results support the protective role of Si in the regulation of salinity and/or B toxicity stress by improving growth, K+/Na+ ratio, physiology, and antioxidant capacity, suggesting it as a potential candidate for crops grown under such deteriorated soil conditions.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Combined salinity and boron toxicity severely affected rice physiology.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- combined stress of salinity and B toxicitye0
- Outcome
- physiological attributese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined stress of salinity and B toxicity, severely affected the physiological attributes of rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Stress reduced rice biomass.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined stress of salinity and B toxicityt1
- Outcome
- plant biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It reduced plant biomass by damaging the membrane, reducing special products analysis division values and photosynthetic efficiency”
t0“rice”
t1“combined stress of salinity and B toxicity, severely affected the physiological attributes of rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Stress damaged rice membranes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined stress of salinity and B toxicityt1
- Outcome
- membranee0
- Direction
- damaginge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“damaging the membrane”
t0“rice”
t1“combined stress of salinity and B toxicity, severely affected the physiological attributes of rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Stress reduced special products analysis division values and photosynthetic efficiency.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined stress of salinity and B toxicityt1
- Outcome
- special products analysis division values and photosynthetic efficiencye0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reducing special products analysis division values and photosynthetic efficiency”
t0“rice”
t1“combined stress of salinity and B toxicity, severely affected the physiological attributes of rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon reduced sodium and boron uptake under stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Si applicatione0
- Outcome
- uptake of toxic ions such as sodium (Na+) and Be0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si application counteracted the adverse effects of stress by reducing the uptake of toxic ions such as sodium (Na+) and B”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon lowered transpiration rate.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Si applicationt1
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- loweringe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lowering transpiration rate.”
t0“rice”
t1“Si application counteracted the adverse effects of stress by reducing the uptake of toxic ions such as sodium (Na+) and B”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon increased relative water content and photosynthetic efficiency.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Sie0
- Outcome
- relative water contents and photosynthetic efficiencye0
- Direction
- Increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased relative water contents and photosynthetic efficiency due to a higher Si and K+ uptake ultimately led to better growth performance.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon increased Si and K+ uptake.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Sie0
- Outcome
- Si and K+ uptakee0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a higher Si and K+ uptake”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon improved rice growth performance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Si applicationt1
- Outcome
- growth performancee0
- Direction
- bettere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ultimately led to better growth performance.”
t0“rice”
t1“Si application counteracted the adverse effects of stress by reducing the uptake of toxic ions such as sodium (Na+) and B”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon increased ascorbate peroxidase activity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Sie0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si significantly affected activities of enzymatic antioxidants in both genotypes, with increased ascorbate peroxidase”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon increased guaiacol peroxidase activity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Sit1
- Outcome
- guaiacol peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased guaiacol peroxidase”
t0“rice”
t1“Si significantly affected activities of enzymatic antioxidants in both genotypes, with increased ascorbate peroxidase”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon reduced catalase activity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Sit1
- Outcome
- catalase activitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced catalase activity”
t0“rice”
t1“Si significantly affected activities of enzymatic antioxidants in both genotypes, with increased ascorbate peroxidase”
Claim · model-written summary
IRRI-6 suffered the most stress damage, especially under combined salinity and boron toxicity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- IRRI-6e0
- Outcome
- damagee0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Qualifier
- combined stress of salinity and B toxicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum damage to the salt-sensitive genotype (IRRI-6), particularly under the combined stress of salinity and B toxicity.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon improved growth of KS-282 more than IRRI-6.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- KS-282e0
- Treatment
- supplied Sie0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- IRRI-6e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“supplied Si improved the growth of the salt-tolerant genotype (KS-282) better than the IRRI-6 (salt-sensitive) genotype.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon improved the K+/Na+ ratio.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Sie0
- Outcome
- K+/Na+ ratioe0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si in the regulation of salinity and/or B toxicity stress by improving growth, K+/Na+ ratio, physiology, and antioxidant capacity”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest silicon for crops under deteriorated soil conditions.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- potential candidate for crops grown under such deteriorated soil conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggesting it as a potential candidate for crops grown under such deteriorated soil conditions.”
t0“rice”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.