Abstract
"Our approach to management of foliarfertilization is twofold. We identify the role thatessential nutrients play in the physiology of treecrops. Then we apply the nutrient as a foliar fertilizerat key stages in the phenology of the tree to stimulatea specific physiological process. This approach hasproved successful in the following studies. A singlewinter prebloom (January or February) foliarapplication of nitrogen as low-biuret urea (0.16 kg Ntree-1) to 30-year-old `Washington´ navel orange(Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) trees at flower initiationsignificantly increased yield per tree for each of threeconsecutive years (P≤0.05). January or Februaryfoliar urea applications increased net cumulative yield20.6 and 16.4 t ha-1 3 years-1, respectively. Full-bloomfoliar-applied of urea (0.16 kg N tree-1) increased netcumulative yield by 7 t ha-1 2 years-1. In both studiesthe number of commercially valuable large-size fruitsignificantly increased as yield increased.Applications of nitrogen (low-biuret urea) orphosphorus (potassium phosphite) at the time ofmaximum peel thickness of navel orange fruitsignificantly increased the number of commerciallyvaluable large-size fruit (diameters 6.9 to 8.8 cm pertree (P≤0.05). Foilar-applied boron (sodiumtetraborate) to `Hass´ avocado (Persea americanaMill) trees at the cauliflower stage of inflorescencedevelopment (elongation of inflorescence secondaryaxes; pollen and ovule formation in the flowers)increased the number of pollen tubes reaching theovule, ovule viability and net cumulative yield 12.2 tha-1 3 years-1 (P≤0.05)."
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
A single winter prebloom foliar urea application significantly increased navel orange yield per tree in each of three consecutive years.
- Taxon
- navel orange
Citrus sinensise2 - Treatment
- singlewinter prebloom (January or February) foliarapplication of nitrogen as low-biuret urea (0.16 kg Ntree-1)e1
- Outcome
- yield per treee3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Qualifier
- for each of threeconsecutive yearse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A singlewinter prebloom (January or February) foliarapplication of nitrogen as low-biuret urea (0.16 kg Ntree-1)”
e2“navel orange(Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck)”
e3“significantly increased yield per tree for each of threeconsecutive years (P≤0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
January foliar urea applications increased navel orange net cumulative yield by 20.6 t/ha over 3 years.
- Taxon
- navel orangeCitrus sinensise2
- Treatment
- foliar urea applicationse1
- Outcome
- net cumulative yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 20.6e1
- Qualifier
- Januarye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“January or Februaryfoliar urea applications increased net cumulative yield20.6 and 16.4 t ha-1 3 years-1, respectively”
e2“navel orange(Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck)”
Claim · model-written summary
February foliar urea applications increased navel orange net cumulative yield by 16.4 t/ha over 3 years.
- Taxon
- navel orangeCitrus sinensise2
- Treatment
- foliar urea applicationse1
- Outcome
- net cumulative yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 16.4e1
- Qualifier
- Februarye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“January or Februaryfoliar urea applications increased net cumulative yield20.6 and 16.4 t ha-1 3 years-1, respectively”
e2“navel orange(Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck)”
Claim · model-written summary
Full-bloom foliar urea (0.16 kg N per tree) increased navel orange net cumulative yield by 7 t/ha over 2 years.
- Taxon
- navel orangeCitrus sinensise2
- Treatment
- Full-bloomfoliar-applied of urea (0.16 kg N tree-1)e1
- Outcome
- netcumulative yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 7 t ha-1 2 years-1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Full-bloomfoliar-applied of urea (0.16 kg N tree-1) increased netcumulative yield by 7 t ha-1 2 years-1”
e2“navel orange(Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck)”
Claim · model-written summary
In both studies, large-size fruit number increased significantly as yield increased.
- Taxon
- navel orangeCitrus sinensise2
- Organ / stage
- large-size fruite1
- Outcome
- number of commercially valuable large-size fruite1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- as yield increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In both studies the number of commercially valuable large-size fruitsignificantly increased as yield increased”
e2“navel orange(Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen as low-biuret urea applied at maximum peel thickness significantly increased the number of commercially valuable large-size navel orange fruit.
- Taxon
- navel orangeCitrus sinensise1
- Organ / stage
- maximum peel thickness of navel orange fruite1
- Treatment
- Applications of nitrogen (low-biuret urea)e1
- Outcome
- number of commerciallyvaluable large-size fruite1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 6.9 to 8.8 cme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Applications of nitrogen (low-biuret urea) orphosphorus (potassium phosphite) at the time ofmaximum peel thickness of navel orange fruitsignificantly increased the number of commerciallyvaluable large-size fruit (diameters 6.9 to 8.8 cm pertree (P≤0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus as potassium phosphite applied at maximum peel thickness significantly increased the number of commercially valuable large-size navel orange fruit.
- Taxon
- navel orangeCitrus sinensise1
- Organ / stage
- maximum peel thickness of navel orange fruite1
- Treatment
- phosphorus (potassium phosphite)e1
- Outcome
- number of commerciallyvaluable large-size fruite1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 6.9 to 8.8 cme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Applications of nitrogen (low-biuret urea) orphosphorus (potassium phosphite) at the time ofmaximum peel thickness of navel orange fruitsignificantly increased the number of commerciallyvaluable large-size fruit (diameters 6.9 to 8.8 cm pertree (P≤0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar boron at the cauliflower stage increased the number of pollen tubes reaching the ovule and ovule viability in avocado.
- Taxon
- avocado
Persea americanae4 - Organ / stage
- cauliflower stage of inflorescencedevelopmente3
- Treatment
- Foilar-applied boron (sodiumtetraborate)e1
- Outcome
- number of pollen tubes reaching theovule, ovule viabilitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Foilar-applied boron (sodiumtetraborate)”
e2“increased the number of pollen tubes reaching theovule, ovule viability and net cumulative yield 12.2 tha-1 3 years-1 (P≤0.05)”
e3“at the cauliflower stage of inflorescencedevelopment”
e4“avocado (Persea americanaMill) trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar boron at the cauliflower stage increased avocado net cumulative yield by 12.2 t/ha over 3 years.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae3
- Treatment
- Foilar-applied boron (sodiumtetraborate)e1
- Outcome
- net cumulative yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 12.2 tha-1 3 years-1e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Foilar-applied boron (sodiumtetraborate)”
e2“increased the number of pollen tubes reaching theovule, ovule viability and net cumulative yield 12.2 tha-1 3 years-1 (P≤0.05)”
e3“avocado (Persea americanaMill) trees”
The same questions in other papers
boron atom · growth · Persea americana (avocado)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
boron atom · yield · Persea americana (avocado)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
nitrogen · yield · Citrus sinensis (sweet orange)Results differ
38 papers in the same direction as this paper · 8 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- no effect
44 papers more in this group
See all 48 papers →application · yield · Citrus sinensis (sweet orange)Positive and negative results
64 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
73 papers more in this group
See all 77 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.