Abstract
Plant adaptation to hyperosmotic environments is generally associated with reduced growth and ultimately yield loss, making farming difficult. The potential of mycorrhizal symbioses to alleviate salt stress has been documented and benefits to plant revealed to be specific and dependent to both plant cultivars and fungal strains. A factorial greenhouse experiment was performed to determine the effects of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species (Funneliformis caledonius, F. mosseae and Rhizophagus irregularis) on three ‘day-neutral’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars (‘Albion’, ‘Charlotte’ and ‘Seascape’), and a mixture of R. irregularis and F. mosseae on ‘Seascape’, under four salt conditions (0–200 mM NaCl). The overall results showed that plant biomass decreased with increasing salinity. The cultivars responded differently to both AMF and salinity, and ‘Seascape’ was more tolerant to salinity than the other cultivars. AMF enhanced plant growth and improved salt tolerance by increasing the proportion of medium (0.5<ɸ≤1.5 mm) and coarse (ɸ>1.5 mm) diameter roots. The mixture of two AMF species increased root and shoot mass to a higher degree than each species alone at low salinity (0–50 mM) but reduced fruit quality. At higher levels (100–200 mM), R. irregularis alleviated salt stress and improved fruit quality to a higher degree than the other AMF species. Our results support the use of bio-inoculants in saline horticultural areas. Because cultivars respond differently to fungal inoculants, and inoculants prefer specific environmental conditions, fungal inoculants need to be screened on a cultivar- and condition-specific basis.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Strawberry biomass decreased as salinity increased.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Treatment
- increasing salinitye0
- Outcome
- plant biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“plant biomass decreased with increasing salinity.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivars responded differently to AMF and salinity.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- responded differentlye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cultivars responded differently to both AMF and salinity”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Seascape was more salt tolerant than the other cultivars.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Material
- ‘Seascape’e0
- Outcome
- tolerant to salinitye0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- other cultivarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Seascape’ was more tolerant to salinity than the other cultivars.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF enhanced strawberry growth and salt tolerance.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growth and improved salt tolerancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF enhanced plant growth and improved salt tolerance by increasing the proportion of medium (0.5<ɸ≤1.5 mm) and coarse (ɸ>1.5 mm) diameter roots.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased the share of medium and coarse diameter roots.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- proportion of medium (0.5<ɸ≤1.5 mm) and coarse (ɸ>1.5 mm) diameter rootse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF enhanced plant growth and improved salt tolerance by increasing the proportion of medium (0.5<ɸ≤1.5 mm) and coarse (ɸ>1.5 mm) diameter roots.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
A two-AMF mixture increased root and shoot mass more than either species alone at low salinity.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- mixture of two AMF speciese0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- root and shoot masse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- low salinity (0–50 mM)e0
- Comparator
- each species alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mixture of two AMF species increased root and shoot mass to a higher degree than each species alone at low salinity (0–50 mM)”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
The two-AMF mixture reduced fruit quality at low salinity.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- mixture of two AMF speciese0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- fruit qualitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- low salinity (0–50 mM)e0
- Comparator
- each species alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mixture of two AMF species increased root and shoot mass to a higher degree than each species alone at low salinity (0–50 mM) but reduced fruit quality.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100–200 mM salinity, R. irregularis alleviated salt stress more than other AMF.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- R. irregularise0
- Interactor
- R. irregularis
Rhizophagus irregularise0symbiont - Outcome
- salt stresse0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Qualifier
- higher levels (100–200 mM)e0
- Comparator
- other AMF speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At higher levels (100–200 mM), R. irregularis alleviated salt stress and improved fruit quality to a higher degree than the other AMF species.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100–200 mM salinity, R. irregularis improved fruit quality more than other AMF.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- R. irregularise0
- Interactor
- R. irregularisRhizophagus irregularise0symbiont
- Outcome
- fruit qualitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- higher levels (100–200 mM)e0
- Comparator
- other AMF speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At higher levels (100–200 mM), R. irregularis alleviated salt stress and improved fruit quality to a higher degree than the other AMF species.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors support bio-inoculants in saline horticultural areas.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- use of bio-inoculantse0
- Setting
- saline horticultural arease0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results support the use of bio-inoculants in saline horticultural areas.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend screening inoculants by cultivar and conditions.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- fungal inoculants need to be screened on a cultivar- and condition-specific basise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fungal inoculants need to be screened on a cultivar- and condition-specific basis.”
t0“strawberry”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.