Abstract
The present study was aimed to assess the ameliorative potentiality of exogenously applied low dose of spermidine (Spd) (4.0 mL of 0.1 mM) against salt stress in cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) plants. Salt stress inhibited plant growth, while Spd increased the shoot length and dry weight of leaves in salt-stressed plants. Chlorophyll, carotenoids, and sucrose contents were lower, and the accumulation of superoxide radical was higher in salt-affected plants than in controls, and these detrimental effects were mitigated by Spd treatment. Moreover, salinity diminished the reduced glutathione and total polyphenols and inhibited the activities of catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase as compared with controls, and Spd treatment increased all antioxidant activities in salt-injured plants. NaCl-induced oxidative stress caused a significant decrease in GA 4 and GA 5 contents. Spd treatment ameliorated these salt stress effects by increasing the quantities of GA 4 . In addition, sodium content was higher and calcium content was lower in salt-treated plants, while Spd treatment reduced the sodium accumulation and increased the calcium level in plants exposed to NaCl. The results suggest that exogenous application of low Spd dose can ameliorate the salt stress effects on cucumber by modulating the components of photosynthetic pigments, antioxidants, gibberellins, and minerals.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress inhibited cucumber growth.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativust0 - Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plants”
e0“Salt stress inhibited plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine increased shoot length and leaf dry weight in salt stressed cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Spde0
- Outcome
- shoot length and dry weight of leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plants”
e0“Spd increased the shoot length and dry weight of leaves in salt-stressed plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress lowered chlorophyll, carotenoid and sucrose contents relative to controls.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- salt-affectede0
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll, carotenoids, and sucrose contentse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plants”
e0“Chlorophyll, carotenoids, and sucrose contents were lower, and the accumulation of superoxide radical was higher in salt-affected plants than in controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress raised superoxide radical accumulation relative to controls.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- salt-affectede0
- Outcome
- accumulation of superoxide radicale0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plants”
e0“the accumulation of superoxide radical was higher in salt-affected plants than in controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine mitigated the salt effects on pigments, sucrose and superoxide.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Spd treatmente0
- Outcome
- detrimental effectse0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plants”
e0“these detrimental effects were mitigated by Spd treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity diminished reduced glutathione and total polyphenols compared with controls.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- reduced glutathione and total polyphenolse0
- Direction
- diminishede0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plants”
e0“salinity diminished the reduced glutathione and total polyphenols and inhibited the activities of catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase as compared with controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity inhibited catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities compared with controls.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- activities of catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidasee0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plants”
e0“salinity diminished the reduced glutathione and total polyphenols and inhibited the activities of catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase as compared with controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine increased antioxidant activities in salt injured cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Spd treatmente0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plants”
e0“Spd treatment increased all antioxidant activities in salt-injured plants”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl induced oxidative stress significantly decreased GA 4 and GA 5 contents.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- NaCl-induced oxidative stresse0
- Outcome
- GA 4 and GA 5 contentse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plants”
e0“NaCl-induced oxidative stress caused a significant decrease in GA 4 and GA 5 contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine increased GA 4 quantity in salt stressed cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Spd treatmente0
- Outcome
- quantities of GA 4e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plants”
e0“Spd treatment ameliorated these salt stress effects by increasing the quantities of GA 4”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt raised sodium content in cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- salt-treatede0
- Outcome
- sodium contente0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plants”
e0“sodium content was higher and calcium content was lower in salt-treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt lowered calcium content in cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- salt-treatede0
- Outcome
- calcium contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plants”
e0“sodium content was higher and calcium content was lower in salt-treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine reduced sodium accumulation under NaCl.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Spd treatmente0
- Outcome
- sodium accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plants”
e0“Spd treatment reduced the sodium accumulation and increased the calcium level in plants exposed to NaCl”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine increased calcium level under NaCl.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Spd treatmente0
- Outcome
- calcium levele0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plants”
e0“Spd treatment reduced the sodium accumulation and increased the calcium level in plants exposed to NaCl”
The same questions in other papers
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See all 13 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.