Abstract
Success of a mycorrhizal symbiosis is influenced by the availability of phosphorus (P) in the soil. Maize ( Zea mays L. cv. Great Lakes 586) plants were grown under five different levels of soil P, either in the presence or absence of formononetin or the vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith. We detected physiological differences in mycorrhizal roots very early in the development of symbiosis, before the onset of nutrient‐dependent responses. Under low P levels, VAM roots accumulated a greater shoot dry weight (13%), root P concentration (15%) and protein concentration (30%) than non‐VAM roots, although root growth was not statistically significantly different. At higher P levels, mycorrhizal roots weighed less than non‐VAM roots (10%) without a concomitant host alteration of growth or root P concentration. Mycorrhizal colonization decreased as soil P increased. Formononetin‐treatment enhanced colonization of the root by G. intraradices and partially overcame inhibition of VAM colonization by high soil P concentrations. This is the first report that formononetin improves root colonization under high levels of soil P. Acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were closely related to the level of fungal colonization in corn roots. ACP activity in corn roots responded more to soil P availability than did ALP activity (38% more). These results suggest that ACP was involved in the increased uptake of P from the soil, while ALP may be linked to active phosphate assimilation or transport in mycorrhizal roots. Thus, soil P directly affected a number of enzymes essential in host‐endophyte interplay, while formononetin enhanced fungal colonization.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
At low phosphorus, VAM roots had 13% more shoot dry weight.
- Interactor
- Glomus intraradicesRhizophagus intraradicest1symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 13%e0
- Comparator
- non‐VAM rootse0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under low P levels, VAM roots accumulated a greater shoot dry weight (13%), root P concentration (15%) and protein concentration (30%) than non‐VAM roots”
t0“Maize”
t1“Glomus intraradices”
Claim · model-written summary
At low phosphorus, VAM roots had 15% greater root phosphorus concentration.
- Interactor
- Glomus intraradicesRhizophagus intraradicest1symbiont
- Outcome
- root P concentratione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 15%e0
- Comparator
- non‐VAM rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under low P levels, VAM roots accumulated a greater shoot dry weight (13%), root P concentration (15%) and protein concentration (30%) than non‐VAM roots”
t0“Maize”
t1“Glomus intraradices”
Claim · model-written summary
At low phosphorus, VAM roots had 30% greater protein concentration.
- Interactor
- Glomus intraradicesRhizophagus intraradicest1symbiont
- Outcome
- protein concentratione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 30%e0
- Comparator
- non‐VAM rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under low P levels, VAM roots accumulated a greater shoot dry weight (13%), root P concentration (15%) and protein concentration (30%) than non‐VAM roots”
t0“Maize”
t1“Glomus intraradices”
Claim · model-written summary
At low phosphorus, VAM and non-VAM root growth did not differ significantly.
- Interactor
- Glomus intraradicesRhizophagus intraradicest1symbiont
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- not statistically significantly differente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“although root growth was not statistically significantly different.”
t0“Maize”
t1“Glomus intraradices”
Claim · model-written summary
At higher phosphorus, mycorrhizal roots weighed 10% less than non-VAM roots.
- Interactor
- Glomus intraradicesRhizophagus intraradicest1symbiont
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal roots weighede0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 10%e0
- Comparator
- non‐VAM rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At higher P levels, mycorrhizal roots weighed less than non‐VAM roots (10%)”
t0“Maize”
t1“Glomus intraradices”
Claim · model-written summary
At higher phosphorus, host growth and root phosphorus concentration did not change concurrently.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“without a concomitant host alteration of growth or root P concentration.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal colonization declined as soil phosphorus increased.
- Treatment
- soil Pe0
- Interactor
- Glomus intraradicesRhizophagus intraradicest1symbiont
- Outcome
- Mycorrhizal colonizatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhizal colonization decreased as soil P increased.”
t0“Maize”
t1“Glomus intraradices”
Claim · model-written summary
Formononetin enhanced root colonization by G. intraradices and partly countered high phosphorus inhibition.
- Treatment
- Formononetin‐treatmente0
- Interactor
- G. intraradicesRhizophagus intraradicese0symbiont
- Outcome
- colonization of the root by G. intraradicese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- high soil P concentrationse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Formononetin‐treatment enhanced colonization of the root by G. intraradices and partially overcame inhibition of VAM colonization by high soil P concentrations.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Root ACP and ALP activity were associated with fungal colonization.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Interactor
- fungale0symbiont
- Outcome
- Acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activitiese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were closely related to the level of fungal colonization in corn roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
ACP activity responded 38% more to soil phosphorus than ALP activity.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- soil P availabilitye0
- Outcome
- ACP activitye0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 38% moree0
- Comparator
- ALP activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ACP activity in corn roots responded more to soil P availability than did ALP activity (38% more).”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest ACP contributed to soil phosphorus uptake.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ACP was involved in the increased uptake of P from the soil”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest ALP may be linked to phosphate assimilation or transport.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ALP may be linked to active phosphate assimilation or transport in mycorrhizal roots”
t0“Maize”