Abstract
During the early summers of 2001 and 2002, in Forno Canavese in northwest Italy, a leaf disease was observed on the old apple cv. Furnas in a domestic orchard. Lesions on the upper side of the leaf were brownish, irregular in size and shape with somewhat dendritic margins, became black, and often coalesced with time. On the underside, lesions were smaller with more definite margins. Beginning in July, scattered acervuli (95 to 170 μm) were observed erupting through the epidermis on the upper side of leaves. Conidia were ampule shaped, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, hyaline, guttulate, and 6.1 to 8.4 × 14.6 to 22.0 μm. Severely diseased leaves abscised prematurely. The fungus was identified as Marssonina coronaria (Ellis & J.J. Davis) J.J. Davis, teleomorph Diplocarpon mali (1) although the conidia were slightly shorter than those originally described for this fungus. Monoconidial isolates were obtained by spreading mini-suspensions of conidia taken from acervuli on malt agar (MA) and transferring single-germinated conidia to MA, potato dextrose agar, V8 agar, or apple leaf agar (ALA). The fungus grew slowly, producing small colonies on V8 and ALA only. On ALA medium, after 3 months incubation at 20 to 22°C, the colonies were 5 to 7 mm in diameter with light brown, irregular margins and dark brown centers bearing acervuli. Conidia from pure cultures were collected, suspended in sterile, distilled water (250,000 ml -1 ), and sprayed on the leaves of three ‘Golden Delicious’ apple shoots maintained in a mist chamber at 20 to 25°C for 2 weeks. In two independent experiments, the fungus reproduced symptoms like those observed on ‘Furnas’ and was reisolated from acervuli. No symptoms were observed on water-treated controls. To our knowledge, apple leaf blotch has not previously been reported in Italy. Although now it is a minor disease, it could become more important in sustainable crops because of its relatively low sensitivity to copper fungicides (2), the only products that can be used under that program. References: (1) Y. Harada et al. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 40:412, 1974. (2) J. Ruide et al. China Fruits 2:51, 1997.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Apple leaf blotch caused by Marssonina coronaria is reported for the first time in Italy.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae1 - Interactor
- Marssonina coronariae2pathogen
- Outcome
- apple leaf blotche3
- Qualifier
- has not previously been reportede3
- Setting
- Forno Canavese in northwest Italye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“During the early summers of 2001 and 2002, in Forno Canavese in northwest Italy, a leaf disease was observed on the old apple cv. Furnas in a domestic orchard”
e2“The fungus was identified as Marssonina coronaria (Ellis & J.J. Davis) J.J. Davis, teleomorph Diplocarpon mali”
e3“To our knowledge, apple leaf blotch has not previously been reported in Italy”
Claim · model-written summary
A leaf disease was observed on apple cv. Furnas in Forno Canavese, Italy, in 2001 and 2002.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- Furnase1
- Interactor
- Marssonina coronariae2pathogen
- Outcome
- leaf diseasee1
- Setting
- Forno Canavese in northwest Italye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“During the early summers of 2001 and 2002, in Forno Canavese in northwest Italy, a leaf disease was observed on the old apple cv. Furnas in a domestic orchard”
e2“The fungus was identified as Marssonina coronaria (Ellis & J.J. Davis) J.J. Davis, teleomorph Diplocarpon mali”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprayed conidia of Marssonina coronaria reproduced leaf blotch symptoms on Golden Delicious apple shoots, while water-treated controls showed none.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- Golden Deliciouse1
- Treatment
- sprayed on the leavese1
- Interactor
- Marssonina coronariae4pathogen
- Outcome
- reproduced symptomse2
- Qualifier
- two independent experimentse2
- Comparator
- water-treated controlse3
- Setting
- mist chambere1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Conidia from pure cultures were collected, suspended in sterile, distilled water (250,000 ml -1 ), and sprayed on the leaves of three ‘Golden Delicious’ apple shoots maintained in a mist chamber at 20 to 25°C for 2 weeks”
e2“In two independent experiments, the fungus reproduced symptoms like those observed on ‘Furnas’ and was reisolated from acervuli”
e3“No symptoms were observed on water-treated controls”
e4“The fungus was identified as Marssonina coronaria (Ellis & J.J. Davis) J.J. Davis, teleomorph Diplocarpon mali”
Claim · model-written summary
Marssonina coronaria was reisolated from acervuli on inoculated apple leaves.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Organ / stage
- acervulie2
- Interactor
- Marssonina coronariae3pathogen
- Outcome
- reisolatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“During the early summers of 2001 and 2002, in Forno Canavese in northwest Italy, a leaf disease was observed on the old apple cv. Furnas in a domestic orchard”
e2“In two independent experiments, the fungus reproduced symptoms like those observed on ‘Furnas’ and was reisolated from acervuli”
e3“The fungus was identified as Marssonina coronaria (Ellis & J.J. Davis) J.J. Davis, teleomorph Diplocarpon mali”
Claim · model-written summary
Severely diseased apple leaves abscised prematurely.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Organ / stage
- leavese5
- Outcome
- abscised prematurelye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“During the early summers of 2001 and 2002, in Forno Canavese in northwest Italy, a leaf disease was observed on the old apple cv. Furnas in a domestic orchard”
e5“Severely diseased leaves abscised prematurely”
Claim · model-written summary
Conidia of Marssonina coronaria measure 6.1 to 8.4 × 14.6 to 22.0 μm and are slightly shorter than originally described.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Interactor
- Marssonina coronariae2pathogen
- Outcome
- conidiae6
- Value
- 6.1 to 8.4 × 14.6 to 22.0 μme6
- Qualifier
- slightly shorter than those originally describede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“During the early summers of 2001 and 2002, in Forno Canavese in northwest Italy, a leaf disease was observed on the old apple cv. Furnas in a domestic orchard”
e2“The fungus was identified as Marssonina coronaria (Ellis & J.J. Davis) J.J. Davis, teleomorph Diplocarpon mali”
e6“Conidia were ampule shaped, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, hyaline, guttulate, and 6.1 to 8.4 × 14.6 to 22.0 μm”
e7“although the conidia were slightly shorter than those originally described for this fungus”
Claim · model-written summary
Acervuli of Marssonina coronaria measure 95 to 170 μm and erupt on the upper side of leaves.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Organ / stage
- upper side of leavese6
- Interactor
- Marssonina coronariae2pathogen
- Outcome
- acervulie6
- Value
- 95 to 170 μme6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“During the early summers of 2001 and 2002, in Forno Canavese in northwest Italy, a leaf disease was observed on the old apple cv. Furnas in a domestic orchard”
e2“The fungus was identified as Marssonina coronaria (Ellis & J.J. Davis) J.J. Davis, teleomorph Diplocarpon mali”
e6“scattered acervuli (95 to 170 μm) were observed erupting through the epidermis on the upper side of leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Marssonina coronaria colonies on ALA medium were 5 to 7 mm in diameter.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Interactor
- Marssonina coronariae2pathogen
- Outcome
- coloniese6
- Value
- 5 to 7 mm in diametere6
- Qualifier
- after 3 months incubation at 20 to 22°Ce6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“During the early summers of 2001 and 2002, in Forno Canavese in northwest Italy, a leaf disease was observed on the old apple cv. Furnas in a domestic orchard”
e2“The fungus was identified as Marssonina coronaria (Ellis & J.J. Davis) J.J. Davis, teleomorph Diplocarpon mali”
e6“On ALA medium, after 3 months incubation at 20 to 22°C, the colonies were 5 to 7 mm in diameter”
Claim · model-written summary
Marssonina coronaria produced small colonies only on V8 and ALA media.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Interactor
- Marssonina coronariae2pathogen
- Outcome
- producing small coloniese6
- Qualifier
- on V8 and ALA onlye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“During the early summers of 2001 and 2002, in Forno Canavese in northwest Italy, a leaf disease was observed on the old apple cv. Furnas in a domestic orchard”
e2“The fungus was identified as Marssonina coronaria (Ellis & J.J. Davis) J.J. Davis, teleomorph Diplocarpon mali”
e6“The fungus grew slowly, producing small colonies on V8 and ALA only”
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application · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
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