Abstract
Sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) fungi on apple fruit were sampled from nine orchards in four midwestern U.S. states during 2000 and 30 orchards in 10 eastern U.S. states during 2005 in order to estimate taxonomic diversity and discern patterns of geographic distribution. Forty apple fruit per orchard were arbitrarily sampled and colonies of each mycelial phenotype were counted on each apple. Representative colonies were isolated, cultures were purified, and DNA was extracted. For representative isolates, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) regions of ribosomal DNA were amplified and sequenced. In total, 60 SBFS putative species were identified based on ITS sequences and morphological characteristics; 30 of these were discovered in the 2005 survey. Modified Koch's postulates were fulfilled for all 60 species in an Iowa orchard; colonies resulting from inoculation of apple fruit were matched to the original isolates on the basis of mycelial type and ITS sequence. Parsimony analysis for LSU sequences from both surveys revealed that 58 putative SBFS species were members of the Dothideomycetes, 52 were members of the Capnodiales, and 36 were members of the Mycosphaerellaceae. The number of SBFS species per orchard varied from 2 to 15. Number of SBFS species and values of the Margalef and Shannon indexes were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in 21 orchards that had received conventional fungicide sprays during the fruit maturation period than in 14 unsprayed orchards. Several SBFS species, including Schizothyrium pomi, Peltaster fructicola, and Pseudocercosporella sp. RH1, were nearly ubiquitous, whereas other species, such as Stomiopeltis sp. RS5.2, Phialophora sessilis, and Geastrumia polystigmatis, were found only within restricted geographic regions. The results document that the SBFS complex is far more taxonomically diverse than previously recognized and provide strong evidence that SBFS species differ in geographic distribution. To achieve more efficient management of SBFS, it may be necessary to understand the environmental biology of key SBFS species in each geographic region.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
The surveys identified 60 putative SBFS species, including 30 in 2005.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Interactor
- SBFSe0pathogen
- Outcome
- SBFS putative speciese0
- Value
- 60 SBFS putative speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In total, 60 SBFS putative species were identified based on ITS sequences and morphological characteristics; 30 of these were discovered in the 2005 survey”
t0“Diversity and Biogeography of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Fungi on Apple in the Eastern and Midwestern United States”
e1“60 SBFS putative species”
Claim · model-written summary
Thirty SBFS putative species were discovered in the 2005 survey.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- discovered in the 2005 surveye0
- Value
- 30e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“30 of these were discovered in the 2005 survey”
t0“Diversity and Biogeography of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Fungi on Apple in the Eastern and Midwestern United States”
e1“60 SBFS putative species”
Claim · model-written summary
All 60 putative species fulfilled modified Koch postulates in an Iowa apple orchard.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Interactor
- coloniese0pathogen
- Outcome
- Modified Koch's postulates were fulfillede0
- Value
- 60 speciese0
- Setting
- Iowa orcharde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Modified Koch's postulates were fulfilled for all 60 species in an Iowa orchard; colonies resulting from inoculation of apple fruit were matched to the original isolates on the basis of mycelial type and ITS sequence”
t0“Diversity and Biogeography of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Fungi on Apple in the Eastern and Midwestern United States”
e1“60 SBFS putative species”
Claim · model-written summary
Fifty-eight putative SBFS species belonged to Dothideomycetes.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- SBFSe0pathogen
- Outcome
- members of the Dothideomycetese0
- Value
- 58 putative SBFS speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“58 putative SBFS species were members of the Dothideomycetes”
t0“Diversity and Biogeography of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Fungi on Apple in the Eastern and Midwestern United States”
e1“60 SBFS putative species”
Claim · model-written summary
Fifty-two putative SBFS species belonged to Capnodiales.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- members of the Capnodialese0
- Value
- 52e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“52 were members of the Capnodiales”
t0“Diversity and Biogeography of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Fungi on Apple in the Eastern and Midwestern United States”
e1“60 SBFS putative species”
Claim · model-written summary
Thirty-six putative SBFS species belonged to Mycosphaerellaceae.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- members of the Mycosphaerellaceaee0
- Value
- 36e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“36 were members of the Mycosphaerellaceae”
t0“Diversity and Biogeography of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Fungi on Apple in the Eastern and Midwestern United States”
e1“60 SBFS putative species”
Claim · model-written summary
Orchards had 2 to 15 SBFS species.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- SBFSe0pathogen
- Outcome
- number of SBFS species per orcharde0
- Value
- 2 to 15e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of SBFS species per orchard varied from 2 to 15”
t0“Diversity and Biogeography of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Fungi on Apple in the Eastern and Midwestern United States”
e1“60 SBFS putative species”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide-sprayed orchards had significantly fewer SBFS species than unsprayed orchards.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- conventional fungicide sprayse0
- Interactor
- SBFSe0pathogen
- Outcome
- Number of SBFS speciese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- unsprayed orchardse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Number of SBFS species and values of the Margalef and Shannon indexes were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in 21 orchards that had received conventional fungicide sprays during the fruit maturation period than in 14 unsprayed orchards”
t0“Diversity and Biogeography of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Fungi on Apple in the Eastern and Midwestern United States”
e1“60 SBFS putative species”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide-sprayed orchards had significantly lower Margalef and Shannon indexes than unsprayed orchards.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- conventional fungicide sprayse0
- Interactor
- SBFSe0pathogen
- Outcome
- values of the Margalef and Shannon indexese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- unsprayed orchardse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Number of SBFS species and values of the Margalef and Shannon indexes were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in 21 orchards that had received conventional fungicide sprays during the fruit maturation period than in 14 unsprayed orchards”
t0“Diversity and Biogeography of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Fungi on Apple in the Eastern and Midwestern United States”
e1“60 SBFS putative species”
Claim · model-written summary
Schizothyrium pomi, Peltaster fructicola, and Pseudocercosporella sp. RH1 were nearly ubiquitous.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- SBFSe0pathogen
- Outcome
- nearly ubiquitouse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Several SBFS species, including Schizothyrium pomi, Peltaster fructicola, and Pseudocercosporella sp. RH1, were nearly ubiquitous”
t0“Diversity and Biogeography of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Fungi on Apple in the Eastern and Midwestern United States”
e1“60 SBFS putative species”
Claim · model-written summary
Stomiopeltis sp. RS5.2, Phialophora sessilis, and Geastrumia polystigmatis had restricted geographic ranges.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Stomiopeltis sp. RS5.2Stomiopeltis sp. RS5.2e0pathogen
- Outcome
- found only within restricted geographic regionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stomiopeltis sp. RS5.2, Phialophora sessilis, and Geastrumia polystigmatis, were found only within restricted geographic regions”
t0“Diversity and Biogeography of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Fungi on Apple in the Eastern and Midwestern United States”
e1“60 SBFS putative species”
The same questions in other papers
application · ecology: diversity · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
fungicide · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
31 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
32 papers more in this group
See all 36 papers →application · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
79 papers in the same direction as this paper · 26 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
103 papers more in this group
See all 107 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.