Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND Trunk injection is an established method for delivering pesticides in ornamental and shade trees, but further research is needed to determine efficacy and pollinator safety in tree fruit crops. Apple trees were injected in 2013 and 2014 with the insecticides emamectin benzoate, imidacloprid, dinotefuran, spinosad, chlorantraniliprole, or abamectin. Additional emamectin benzoate and imidacloprid injections were performed in the spring and fall of 2015. Nectar and pollen were sampled in the following spring to compare the effects of application timings on insecticide loading into flowers. RESULTS Neonicotinoids reduced Empoasca fabae density in the field. Emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole, and abamectin resulted in moderate to high mortality and reduced Choristoneura rosaceana feeding in bioassays. Imidacloprid was not detected in nectar or pollen when injected in the spring, and was detected at 0.39 ng g −1 in pollen when injected the previous fall. Emamectin benzoate was not detected in nectar or pollen when injected the previous fall, and was detected at 7.36 ng g −1 (nectar) and 1.15 ng g −1 (pollen) when injected in the spring. CONCLUSIONS This study identified a broader list of possible trunk‐injectable pesticides for apple trees. This study also shows that managing the seasonal timing of injection can reduce the risk of insecticide exposure to pollinators. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Neonicotinoid trunk injection reduced Empoasca fabae density in apple trees in the field.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- Neonicotinoidse1
- Interactor
- Empoasca fabae
Empoasca fabaee1pest - Outcome
- Empoasca fabae densitye1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Setting
- in the fielde1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“trunk injection in apples”
e1“Neonicotinoids reduced Empoasca fabae density in the field”
Claim · model-written summary
Emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole and abamectin trunk injection resulted in moderate to high mortality in apple trees.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole, and abamectine2
- Outcome
- mortalitye2
- Value
- moderate to highe2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“trunk injection in apples”
e2“Emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole, and abamectin resulted in moderate to high mortality and reduced Choristoneura rosaceana feeding in bioassays”
Claim · model-written summary
Emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole and abamectin trunk injection reduced Choristoneura rosaceana feeding in bioassays.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole, and abamectine2
- Interactor
- Choristoneura rosaceana
Choristoneura rosaceanae2pest - Outcome
- feedinge2
- Direction
- reducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“trunk injection in apples”
e2“Emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole, and abamectin resulted in moderate to high mortality and reduced Choristoneura rosaceana feeding in bioassays”
Claim · model-written summary
Imidacloprid trunk-injected in spring was not detected in apple nectar or pollen.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- injected in the springe3
- Outcome
- Imidacloprid was not detected in nectar or pollene3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“trunk injection in apples”
e3“Imidacloprid was not detected in nectar or pollen when injected in the spring”
Claim · model-written summary
Imidacloprid injected the previous fall was detected at 0.39 ng g −1 in apple pollen.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- injected the previous falle4
- Outcome
- was detected at 0.39 ng g −1 in pollene4
- Value
- 0.39 ng g −1e4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“trunk injection in apples”
e4“and was detected at 0.39 ng g −1 in pollen when injected the previous fall”
Claim · model-written summary
Emamectin benzoate injected the previous fall was not detected in apple nectar or pollen.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- injected the previous falle5
- Outcome
- was not detected in nectar or pollene5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“trunk injection in apples”
e5“Emamectin benzoate was not detected in nectar or pollen when injected the previous fall, and was detected at 7.36 ng g −1 (nectar) and 1.15 ng g −1 (pollen) when injected in the spring”
Claim · model-written summary
Emamectin benzoate injected in spring was detected at 7.36 ng g −1 in apple nectar.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- injected in the springe5
- Outcome
- was detected at 7.36 ng g −1 (nectar)e5
- Value
- 7.36 ng g −1e5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“trunk injection in apples”
e5“Emamectin benzoate was not detected in nectar or pollen when injected the previous fall, and was detected at 7.36 ng g −1 (nectar) and 1.15 ng g −1 (pollen) when injected in the spring”
Claim · model-written summary
Emamectin benzoate injected in spring was detected at 1.15 ng g −1 in apple pollen.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- injected in the springe5
- Outcome
- 1.15 ng g −1 (pollen)e5
- Value
- 1.15 ng g −1e5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“trunk injection in apples”
e5“Emamectin benzoate was not detected in nectar or pollen when injected the previous fall, and was detected at 7.36 ng g −1 (nectar) and 1.15 ng g −1 (pollen) when injected in the spring”
Claim · model-written summary
The study identified a broader list of possible trunk‐injectable pesticides for apple trees.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae6
- Outcome
- possible trunk‐injectable pesticidese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“trunk injection in apples”
e6“This study identified a broader list of possible trunk‐injectable pesticides for apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Managing the seasonal timing of trunk injection can reduce insecticide exposure risk for pollinators in apple.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- managing the seasonal timing of injectione7
- Interactor
- pollinatorse7pollinator
- Outcome
- risk of insecticide exposure to pollinatorse7
- Direction
- reducee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“trunk injection in apples”
e7“This study also shows that managing the seasonal timing of injection can reduce the risk of insecticide exposure to pollinators”
The same questions in other papers
abamectin · pest · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
application · ecology: diversity · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.