Abstract
In view of their perceived chemopreventive activities against hormone-dependent cancers, cardiovascular disease, and postmenopausal ailments, there is considerable interest in engineering plants to contain isoflavone phytoestrogens. However, attempts to date have only resulted in low levels of isoflavone accumulation in non-legumes. Introducing soybean isoflavone synthase (IFS) into Arabidopsis thaliana leads to accumulation of low levels of genistein glycosides. Leaves of wild-type A. thaliana contain high levels of similar conjugates of the flavonols quercetin and kaempferol, which could be increased by threefold on introduction of an alfalfa chalcone isomerase transgene. Levels of genistein were not increased by expressing both IFS and alfalfa chalcone isomerase, but levels of flavonol conjugates were reduced to a greater extent than could be accounted for by flux into isoflavone. Introduction of IFS into the tt6/tt3 double mutant blocked in flavonol, and anthocyanin synthesis resulted in high levels of genistein. The bottleneck for constitutive isoflavone production in Arabidopsis is, therefore, competition for flavanone between IFS and endogenous flavonol synthesis, and the flavonol pathway is reciprocally but disproportionately affected by IFS.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean IFS introduced into Arabidopsis produced low genistein glycoside levels.
Arabidopsis thalianaNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Introducing soybean isoflavone synthase (IFS) into Arabidopsis thaliana leads to accumulation of low levels of genistein glycosides.”
t0“Bottlenecks for metabolic engineering of isoflavone glycoconjugates in Arabidopsis”
e2“Leaves of wild-type A. thaliana contain high levels of similar conjugates of the flavonols quercetin and kaempferol”
e3“Levels of genistein were not increased by expressing both IFS and alfalfa chalcone isomerase”
e4“but levels of flavonol conjugates were reduced to a greater extent than could be accounted for by flux into isoflavone.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wild type Arabidopsis leaves had high quercetin and kaempferol conjugate levels.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaves of wild-type A. thaliana contain high levels of similar conjugates of the flavonols quercetin and kaempferol”
t0“Bottlenecks for metabolic engineering of isoflavone glycoconjugates in Arabidopsis”
e1“Introducing soybean isoflavone synthase (IFS) into Arabidopsis thaliana leads to accumulation of low levels of genistein glycosides.”
e3“Levels of genistein were not increased by expressing both IFS and alfalfa chalcone isomerase”
e4“but levels of flavonol conjugates were reduced to a greater extent than could be accounted for by flux into isoflavone.”
Claim · model-written summary
An alfalfa chalcone isomerase transgene increased flavonol conjugates threefold.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which could be increased by threefold on introduction of an alfalfa chalcone isomerase transgene.”
t0“Bottlenecks for metabolic engineering of isoflavone glycoconjugates in Arabidopsis”
e1“Introducing soybean isoflavone synthase (IFS) into Arabidopsis thaliana leads to accumulation of low levels of genistein glycosides.”
e2“Leaves of wild-type A. thaliana contain high levels of similar conjugates of the flavonols quercetin and kaempferol”
e3“Levels of genistein were not increased by expressing both IFS and alfalfa chalcone isomerase”
e4“but levels of flavonol conjugates were reduced to a greater extent than could be accounted for by flux into isoflavone.”
Claim · model-written summary
Coexpression of IFS and alfalfa chalcone isomerase did not raise genistein levels.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Levels of genistein were not increased by expressing both IFS and alfalfa chalcone isomerase”
t0“Bottlenecks for metabolic engineering of isoflavone glycoconjugates in Arabidopsis”
e1“Introducing soybean isoflavone synthase (IFS) into Arabidopsis thaliana leads to accumulation of low levels of genistein glycosides.”
e2“Leaves of wild-type A. thaliana contain high levels of similar conjugates of the flavonols quercetin and kaempferol”
e4“but levels of flavonol conjugates were reduced to a greater extent than could be accounted for by flux into isoflavone.”
Claim · model-written summary
Coexpression reduced flavonol conjugates beyond the amount explained by isoflavone flux.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but levels of flavonol conjugates were reduced to a greater extent than could be accounted for by flux into isoflavone.”
t0“Bottlenecks for metabolic engineering of isoflavone glycoconjugates in Arabidopsis”
e1“Introducing soybean isoflavone synthase (IFS) into Arabidopsis thaliana leads to accumulation of low levels of genistein glycosides.”
e2“Leaves of wild-type A. thaliana contain high levels of similar conjugates of the flavonols quercetin and kaempferol”
e3“Levels of genistein were not increased by expressing both IFS and alfalfa chalcone isomerase”
Claim · model-written summary
IFS introduction into the tt6/tt3 double mutant produced high genistein levels.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Introduction of IFS into the tt6/tt3 double mutant blocked in flavonol, and anthocyanin synthesis resulted in high levels of genistein.”
t0“Bottlenecks for metabolic engineering of isoflavone glycoconjugates in Arabidopsis”
e1“Introducing soybean isoflavone synthase (IFS) into Arabidopsis thaliana leads to accumulation of low levels of genistein glycosides.”
e2“Leaves of wild-type A. thaliana contain high levels of similar conjugates of the flavonols quercetin and kaempferol”
e3“Levels of genistein were not increased by expressing both IFS and alfalfa chalcone isomerase”
e4“but levels of flavonol conjugates were reduced to a greater extent than could be accounted for by flux into isoflavone.”
Claim · model-written summary
Competition for flavanone with endogenous flavonol synthesis was identified as the bottleneck for constitutive isoflavone production.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The bottleneck for constitutive isoflavone production in Arabidopsis is, therefore, competition for flavanone between IFS and endogenous flavonol synthesis”
t0“Bottlenecks for metabolic engineering of isoflavone glycoconjugates in Arabidopsis”
e1“Introducing soybean isoflavone synthase (IFS) into Arabidopsis thaliana leads to accumulation of low levels of genistein glycosides.”
e2“Leaves of wild-type A. thaliana contain high levels of similar conjugates of the flavonols quercetin and kaempferol”
e3“Levels of genistein were not increased by expressing both IFS and alfalfa chalcone isomerase”
e4“but levels of flavonol conjugates were reduced to a greater extent than could be accounted for by flux into isoflavone.”
Claim · model-written summary
IFS reciprocally and disproportionately affects the flavonol pathway.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the flavonol pathway is reciprocally but disproportionately affected by IFS.”
t0“Bottlenecks for metabolic engineering of isoflavone glycoconjugates in Arabidopsis”
e1“Introducing soybean isoflavone synthase (IFS) into Arabidopsis thaliana leads to accumulation of low levels of genistein glycosides.”
e2“Leaves of wild-type A. thaliana contain high levels of similar conjugates of the flavonols quercetin and kaempferol”
e3“Levels of genistein were not increased by expressing both IFS and alfalfa chalcone isomerase”
e4“but levels of flavonol conjugates were reduced to a greater extent than could be accounted for by flux into isoflavone.”
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See all 15 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.