Abstract
Swards on wet hill land in mid-Wales, which had been converted from semi-natural rough grazing (dominated by Molinia caerulea , Nardus stricta or Calluna vulgaris ) by surface-sowing in the period 1965–75, were examined in 1982, 1984 and 1996/97, using a point quadrat technique, in order to record the extent to which the sown species had persisted and the ingress of unsown species. Lolium perenne had persisted to 1996/97 to the extent of being 20% of the sward on sites c . 300 m above sea level and 3% on sites at c . 500 m. Trifolium repens had persisted to c . 7% of the sward at both elevations. Festuca rubra was 6% of the sward on the higher sites and close to zero on the lower ones. The other main sown species, Phleum pratense , was present in only trace amounts on all sites in 1982, 1984 and 1996/97. The failure of T. repens to persist in larger amounts was attributed in part to below optimum soil pH and K and to the annual application of fertilizer N. The decline in L. perenne was attributed in part to severe winters on the higher sites and to below optimum soil K and pH. Agrostis spp. were the most prominent of the unsown species. Poa spp. appeared to stabilize at 8–15% of the sward. Stellaria media and Holcus lanatus became fairly prominent on the lower sites and Anthoxanthum odoratum on the higher sites. A supplementary study of the lower sites showed that the lime had been effective to at least the 20–25 cm layer of soil, that the distribution of plant roots in the soil was not abnormal, that T. repens plants had a satisfactory number of root nodules and that the soil contained a satisfactory number of earthworms.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Lolium perenne persisted to 20% of the sward at sites about 300 m above sea level in 1996/97.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenne
Lolium perennee1 - Outcome
- had persisted to 1996/97e1
- Value
- 20% of the swarde1
- Setting
- sites c . 300 m above sea levele1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Lolium perenne had persisted to 1996/97 to the extent of being 20% of the sward on sites c . 300 m above sea level and 3% on sites at c . 500 m”
Claim · model-written summary
Lolium perenne persisted to 3% of the sward at sites about 500 m above sea level in 1996/97.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenneLolium perennee1
- Outcome
- had persisted to 1996/97e1
- Value
- 3%e1
- Setting
- sites at c . 500 me1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Lolium perenne had persisted to 1996/97 to the extent of being 20% of the sward on sites c . 300 m above sea level and 3% on sites at c . 500 m”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifolium repens persisted to about 7% of the sward at both elevations in 1996/97.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repens
Trifolium repense1 - Outcome
- had persistede1
- Value
- c . 7% of the swarde1
- Qualifier
- at both elevationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Trifolium repens had persisted to c . 7% of the sward at both elevations”
Claim · model-written summary
Festuca rubra was 6% of the sward on the higher sites.
- Taxon
- Festuca rubra
Festuca rubrae1 - Outcome
- of the swarde1
- Value
- 6%e1
- Setting
- on the higher sitese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Festuca rubra was 6% of the sward on the higher sites and close to zero on the lower ones”
Claim · model-written summary
Festuca rubra was close to zero on the lower sites.
- Taxon
- Festuca rubraFestuca rubrae1
- Outcome
- of the swarde1
- Value
- close to zeroe1
- Setting
- on the lower onese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Festuca rubra was 6% of the sward on the higher sites and close to zero on the lower ones”
Claim · model-written summary
Phleum pratense was present in only trace amounts on all sites in 1982, 1984 and 1996/97.
- Taxon
- Phleum pratense
Phleum pratensee1 - Outcome
- was present in only trace amountse1
- Qualifier
- on all sites in 1982, 1984 and 1996/97e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The other main sown species, Phleum pratense , was present in only trace amounts on all sites in 1982, 1984 and 1996/97”
Claim · model-written summary
The failure of Trifolium repens to persist in larger amounts is attributed in part to below optimum soil pH and K and to the annual application of fertilizer N.
- Taxon
- T. repensTrifolium repense1
- Treatment
- the annual application of fertilizer Ne1
- Outcome
- The failure of T. repens to persist in larger amountse1
- Qualifier
- below optimum soil pH and Ke1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The failure of T. repens to persist in larger amounts was attributed in part to below optimum soil pH and K and to the annual application of fertilizer N”
Claim · model-written summary
The decline in Lolium perenne is attributed in part to severe winters on the higher sites and to below optimum soil K and pH.
- Taxon
- L. perenneLolium perennee1
- Treatment
- severe winterse1
- Outcome
- The decline in L. perennee1
- Qualifier
- below optimum soil K and pHe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The decline in L. perenne was attributed in part to severe winters on the higher sites and to below optimum soil K and pH”
Claim · model-written summary
Agrostis spp. were the most prominent of the unsown species.
- Outcome
- were the most prominent of the unsown speciese1
AgrostisOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Agrostis spp. were the most prominent of the unsown species”
Claim · model-written summary
Poa spp. appeared to stabilize at 8–15% of the sward.
PoaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Poa spp. appeared to stabilize at 8–15% of the sward”
Claim · model-written summary
Stellaria media and Holcus lanatus became fairly prominent on the lower sites.
- Taxon
- Stellaria media and Holcus lanatus
Stellaria media
Holcus lanatuse1 - Outcome
- became fairly prominente1
- Setting
- on the lower sitese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Stellaria media and Holcus lanatus became fairly prominent on the lower sites and Anthoxanthum odoratum on the higher sites”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthoxanthum odoratum became fairly prominent on the higher sites.
- Taxon
- Anthoxanthum odoratum
Anthoxanthum odoratume1 - Outcome
- became fairly prominente1
- Setting
- on the higher sitese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Stellaria media and Holcus lanatus became fairly prominent on the lower sites and Anthoxanthum odoratum on the higher sites”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime had been effective to at least the 20–25 cm soil layer.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e1“A supplementary study of the lower sites showed that the lime had been effective to at least the 20–25 cm layer of soil”
Claim · model-written summary
The distribution of plant roots in the soil was not abnormal.
Verbatim
e1“that the distribution of plant roots in the soil was not abnormal”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifolium repens plants had a satisfactory number of root nodules.
- Taxon
- T. repensTrifolium repense1
- Outcome
- had a satisfactory number of root nodulese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“that T. repens plants had a satisfactory number of root nodules”
Claim · model-written summary
The soil contained a satisfactory number of earthworms.
- Outcome
- contained a satisfactory number of earthwormse1
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e1“that the soil contained a satisfactory number of earthworms”