Abstract
Abstract Zinc (Zn) fertilizer application has increased during the past three decades. This increase has created the need for more information regarding the availability and agronomic effectiveness of Zn containing fertilizers because differences of opinions exist relating the relationships between Zn water solubility and plant availability. Plant availability of eight commercialized Zn fertilizer materials having different water solubilities was measured under greenhouse conditions. Corn (Zea mays L.) plants were grown for 40 days in a soil (loamy, mixed, mesic arenic Ustollic Haplargid) amended with lime to two pH's: 6.3 and 7.4. To evaluate the effect of pH, some Zn fertilizers were used at both soil pH levels while all Zn fertilizers were used in the pH 7.4 soil. The experimental design was a factorial combination of pH, Zn fertilizers, and Zn rates of 0,2.1,4.2,8.4 mg Zn kg−1 soil. Dry matter production and Zn uptake increased significantly when the soil pH decreased from 7.4 to 6.3. The highest dry matter production was obtained with ZnSO4 (ZnSO4 H2O, 99.9% total water soluble Zn), Zn20 (Zn oxysulfate, 98.3% total water soluble Zn), and Zn27 (Zn oxysulfate, 66.4% total water soluble Zn). While ZnFe (Zn iron ferrite, 0.3% total water soluble Zn), ZnK (Zn oxide, KO61, 1% total water soluble Zn), and ZnOS (Zn oxysulfate, 0.7% total water soluble Zn) were less effective followed by Zn40 (Zn oxysulfate, 26.5% total water soluble Zn) and ZnOxS (Zn oxysulfate, 11% total water soluble Zn). The same trend was observed for Zn concentration and uptake. Regression correlations showed that the higher the water solubility, the more effective the Zn fertilizer in increasing dry matter production. Assuming that 5 to 10 kg Zn ha−1 are the rates commonly recommended, about 50% water soluble Zn is required to adequately supply the crop's needs. Lower fertilizer rates were needed as Zn solubility increased. The cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentrations and uptakes in corn forage were not significant for any of the sources and rates.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Lowering soil pH from 7.4 to 6.3 significantly increased corn dry matter production and Zn uptake.
- Taxon
- Corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse1 - Treatment
- soil pH decreased from 7.4 to 6.3e0
- Outcome
- Dry matter production and Zn uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- 7.4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dry matter production and Zn uptake increased significantly when the soil pH decreased from 7.4 to 6.3”
e1“Corn (Zea mays L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnSO4 yielded the highest corn dry matter production.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- ZnSO4e0
- Outcome
- dry matter productione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest dry matter production was obtained with ZnSO4 (ZnSO4 H2O, 99.9% total water soluble Zn), Zn20 (Zn oxysulfate, 98.3% total water soluble Zn), and Zn27 (Zn oxysulfate, 66.4% total water soluble Zn)”
e1“Corn (Zea mays L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn20 yielded the highest corn dry matter production.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- Zn20e0
- Outcome
- dry matter productione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest dry matter production was obtained with ZnSO4 (ZnSO4 H2O, 99.9% total water soluble Zn), Zn20 (Zn oxysulfate, 98.3% total water soluble Zn), and Zn27 (Zn oxysulfate, 66.4% total water soluble Zn)”
e1“Corn (Zea mays L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn27 yielded the highest corn dry matter production.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- Zn27e0
- Outcome
- dry matter productione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest dry matter production was obtained with ZnSO4 (ZnSO4 H2O, 99.9% total water soluble Zn), Zn20 (Zn oxysulfate, 98.3% total water soluble Zn), and Zn27 (Zn oxysulfate, 66.4% total water soluble Zn)”
e1“Corn (Zea mays L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnFe, ZnK and ZnOS were less effective for corn dry matter production, followed by Zn40 and ZnOxS.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- ZnFee0
- Outcome
- dry matter productione2
- Direction
- less effectivee0
- Comparator
- Zn40e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZnFe (Zn iron ferrite, 0.3% total water soluble Zn), ZnK (Zn oxide, KO61, 1% total water soluble Zn), and ZnOS (Zn oxysulfate, 0.7% total water soluble Zn) were less effective followed by Zn40 (Zn oxysulfate, 26.5% total water soluble Zn) and ZnOxS (Zn oxysulfate, 11% total water soluble Zn)”
e1“Corn (Zea mays L.) plants”
e2“The highest dry matter production”
Claim · model-written summary
The fertilizer ranking also applied to corn Zn concentration and uptake.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Outcome
- Zn concentration and uptakee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The same trend was observed for Zn concentration and uptake”
e1“Corn (Zea mays L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher fertilizer water solubility correlated with more corn dry matter production.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- Zn fertilizere0
- Outcome
- dry matter productione0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the higher the water solubility, the more effective the Zn fertilizer in increasing dry matter production”
e1“Corn (Zea mays L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Roughly 50% water-soluble Zn was required for commonly recommended Zn rates to supply corn needs.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Outcome
- about 50% water soluble Zn is required to adequately supply the crop's needse0
- Qualifier
- 5 to 10 kg Zn ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Assuming that 5 to 10 kg Zn ha−1 are the rates commonly recommended, about 50% water soluble Zn is required to adequately supply the crop's needs”
e1“Corn (Zea mays L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher Zn solubility reduced the fertilizer rate needed.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- Zn solubilitye0
- Outcome
- fertilizer ratese0
- Direction
- Lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower fertilizer rates were needed as Zn solubility increased”
e1“Corn (Zea mays L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn forage Cd and Pb concentrations and uptakes were not significant for any fertilizer source or rate.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Organ / stage
- foragee0
- Treatment
- sources and ratese0
- Outcome
- cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentrations and uptakese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentrations and uptakes in corn forage were not significant for any of the sources and rates”
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See all 24 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.