Abstract
The effect of sulfur (S) supply on growth and S distribution within lupin and wheat plants was studied in a glasshouse experiment using pots containing 11 lupin or 15 wheat plants in 6 kg soil. Shoot growth and grain yield increased with increasing S supply, and both species produced maximum grain yield at 60 mg S/pot. Wheat yielded a lower percentage of maximum grain yield than lupin where no S was applied. Sulfur concentrations in all shoot parts increased with increasing S supply in both wheat and lupins. In wheat, S concentrations decreased with increasing plant age. At all rates of S, concentrations in old leaves were higher than in the youngest leaves. In lupins, S accumulated in stems when supply was adequate but decreased markedly with S deficiency and plant age. Concentrations in other parts of lupins generally did not change with plant age. Sulfur concentrations in the youngest open leaf blades were higher than those in old leaves at all rates of S. For lupins, critical S concentrations in the young leaves (0.28%), stems (0.07%), and whole shoots (0.15%), and the critical nitrogen (N) to S ratio in young leaves (22), are likely to be valid as diagnostic indices for S deficiency as they do not appear to be affected by plant maturity. In contrast, critical S concentrations (0.14-0.31% S) and N to S ratio (9-19) in young leaves of wheat plants changed sharply with plant age; neither is useful as a diagnostic aid unless the maturity of the plant in known. Field surveys were conducted in the agricultural regions of Geraldton and Dowerin in Western Australia to investigate the incidence of S deficiency in lupin and wheat crops. Sulfur concentrations in lupins and wheat from Dowerin were higher than those sampled at Geraldton. Lupin crops from both regions and wheat from Dowerin had an adequate S supply. Of the wheat sampled at Geraldton, 36% was deficient or marginal in S.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot growth and grain yield rose as sulfur supply increased in lupin and wheat.
- Taxon
- lupins and wheat
Lupinus
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- increasing S supplye0
- Outcome
- Shoot growth and grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot growth and grain yield increased with increasing S supply, and both species produced maximum grain yield at 60 mg S/pot”
t0“lupins and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Both species reached maximum grain yield at 60 mg S/pot.
- Taxon
- lupins and wheatLupinusTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- maximum grain yielde0
- Value
- 60 mg S/pote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both species produced maximum grain yield at 60 mg S/pot”
t0“lupins and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Without sulfur, wheat achieved a lower percentage of maximum yield than lupin.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- no S was appliede0
- Outcome
- percentage of maximum grain yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- lupine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat yielded a lower percentage of maximum grain yield than lupin where no S was applied”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot-part sulfur concentrations rose with sulfur supply in wheat and lupins.
- Taxon
- wheat and lupinsLupinusTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- increasing S supplye0
- Outcome
- Sulfur concentrations in all shoot partse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfur concentrations in all shoot parts increased with increasing S supply in both wheat and lupins”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat sulfur concentration fell as plants aged.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- increasing plant agee0
- Outcome
- S concentrationse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In wheat, S concentrations decreased with increasing plant age”
Claim · model-written summary
Old wheat leaves had higher sulfur concentration than youngest leaves at all sulfur rates.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- concentrations in old leavese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- At all rates of Se0
- Comparator
- youngest leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At all rates of S, concentrations in old leaves were higher than in the youngest leaves”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Lupin stem sulfur accumulated with adequate supply but decreased with deficiency and age.
- Treatment
- S deficiencye0
- Outcome
- S accumulated in stemse0
- Direction
- decreased markedlye0
- Qualifier
- plant agee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In lupins, S accumulated in stems when supply was adequate but decreased markedly with S deficiency and plant age”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur concentrations in other lupin parts generally did not vary with age.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concentrations in other parts of lupins generally did not change with plant age”
Claim · model-written summary
Youngest open lupin leaves had higher sulfur concentration than old leaves.
- Outcome
- Sulfur concentrations in the youngest open leaf bladese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- old leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfur concentrations in the youngest open leaf blades were higher than those in old leaves at all rates of S”
t0“lupins”
Claim · model-written summary
Critical sulfur concentration in young lupin leaves was 0.28% and appeared maturity-independent.
- Outcome
- critical S concentrations in the young leavese0
- Value
- 0.28%e0
- Qualifier
- do not appear to be affected by plant maturitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“critical S concentrations in the young leaves (0.28%), stems (0.07%), and whole shoots (0.15%), and the critical nitrogen (N) to S ratio in young leaves (22), are likely to be valid as diagnostic indices for S deficiency as they do not appear to be affected by plant maturity”
t0“lupins”
Claim · model-written summary
Critical lupin stem sulfur concentration was 0.07%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“critical S concentrations in the young leaves (0.28%), stems (0.07%), and whole shoots (0.15%)”
t0“lupins”
Claim · model-written summary
Critical lupin whole-shoot sulfur concentration was 0.15%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stems (0.07%), and whole shoots (0.15%)”
t0“lupins”
Claim · model-written summary
The critical young-leaf nitrogen-to-sulfur ratio in lupins was 22.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the critical nitrogen (N) to S ratio in young leaves (22)”
t0“lupins”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat young-leaf critical sulfur concentration varied sharply with plant age across 0.14-0.31% S.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- plant agee0
- Outcome
- critical S concentrationse0
- Value
- 0.14-0.31% Se0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“critical S concentrations (0.14-0.31% S) and N to S ratio (9-19) in young leaves of wheat plants changed sharply with plant age”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat young-leaf critical nitrogen-to-sulfur ratio varied sharply with age across 9-19.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- plant agee0
- Outcome
- N to S ratioe0
- Value
- 9-19e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N to S ratio (9-19) in young leaves of wheat plants changed sharply with plant age”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur concentrations were higher in Dowerin than Geraldton lupins and wheat.
- Taxon
- lupins and wheatLupinusTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- Sulfur concentrationse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Geraldtone0
- Setting
- Dowerine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfur concentrations in lupins and wheat from Dowerin were higher than those sampled at Geraldton”
Claim · model-written summary
Lupin crops from both regions and Dowerin wheat had adequate sulfur.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lupin crops from both regions and wheat from Dowerin had an adequate S supply”
Claim · model-written summary
At Geraldton, 36% of sampled wheat was sulfur deficient or marginal.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- deficient or marginal in Se0
- Value
- 36%e0
- Setting
- Geraldtone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Of the wheat sampled at Geraldton, 36% was deficient or marginal in S”
The same questions in other papers
sulfur atom · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
50 papers in the same direction as this paper · 15 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
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See all 66 papers →sulfur atom · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
123 papers in the same direction as this paper · 23 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
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See all 148 papers →sulfur atom · nutrient: content · LupinusResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.