Abstract
Abstract Increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration have stimulated interest in the response of agricultural crops to elevated levels of CO 2 . Several studies have addressed the response of C 3 cereals to CO 2 , but the interactive effect of nutrient supply and CO 2 on apical development and spikelet set and survival has not been investigated thoroughly. Hence, an experiment was conducted in the greenhouse to evaluate the effect of high (700 μmol CO 2 mol −1 air) and low (400 μmol mol −1 ) levels of atmospheric CO 2 on apical development, spikelet set and abortion, and pre‐ and post‐anthesis growth in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown under high N (0.3 g N pot −1 before sowing −1–0.11 g N pot −1 week −1 ) and low N (0.3 g N pot −1 ) regimes. The plants were grown in 5 L pots. Development of spike was hastened due to CO 2 enrichment, and the C+ plants pollinated few days earlier than the C— plants. Carbon dioxide enrichment had no effect on date of ripening. Development of spike slowed following application of extra N, and plants pollinated 10 days later and matured 2 weeks later when compared with plants under low N. Carbon dioxide enrichment did not affect the number of spikelets at anthesis. Excess N decreased spikelet abortion and the increased maximum number of spikelets under both [CO 2 ]. Barley plants did not tiller when grown in low [CO 2 ] and low N. Increased endogenous IAA concentration in those plants, recorded three days before tillers appeared in other treatments, may have contributed to this. Carbon dioxide enrichment increased the C concentration of plants, but decreased the N concentration under high N regime. Both the C and N concentration of plants were increased under high N regime. Carbon dioxide enrichment increased the total dry matter of mature plants by 9 % under high N regime and by 21 % under low N regime. Under high [CO 2 ] increased kernel number on tiller spikes, and increased kernel weight both on main stem and on tiller spikes resulted in a 23 % increase in kernel yield under low N regime and 76 % increase in kernel yield under high N regime. The rate of N application influenced growth and yield components to a greater extent than CO 2 enrichment. At maturity, plant dry matter, kernel weight, the number of kernels per spike, and the number of spikes per plant were higher under high N regime than under low N regime. Long days (16 h), low light intensity (280 μmol m −2 s −1 ), and at constant temperature of 20 °C high [CO 2 ] increased kernel weight and the number of kernels on tiller spikes under high and low N application rate, but did not increase the number of kernels on main stem spike, or the number of tillers or tiller spikes per plant.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon dioxide enrichment hastened spike development and pollination.
- Taxon
- Barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Treatment
- CO 2 enrichmente0
- Outcome
- Development of spikee0
- Direction
- hastenede0
- Comparator
- C— plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Development of spike was hastened due to CO 2 enrichment, and the C+ plants pollinated few days earlier than the C— plants”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon dioxide enrichment did not change ripening date.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Carbon dioxide enrichmente0
- Outcome
- date of ripeninge0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carbon dioxide enrichment had no effect on date of ripening”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Extra nitrogen slowed spike development.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- application of extra Ne0
- Outcome
- Development of spikee0
- Direction
- slowede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Development of spike slowed following application of extra N”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Extra nitrogen delayed pollination by 10 days.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- extra Ne1
- Outcome
- pollinatede0
- Direction
- latere0
- Value
- 10 dayse0
- Comparator
- plants under low Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants pollinated 10 days later and matured 2 weeks later when compared with plants under low N”
t0“Barley”
e1“Development of spike slowed following application of extra N”
Claim · model-written summary
Extra nitrogen delayed maturity by 2 weeks.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- extra Ne1
- Outcome
- maturede0
- Direction
- latere0
- Value
- 2 weekse0
- Comparator
- plants under low Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants pollinated 10 days later and matured 2 weeks later when compared with plants under low N”
t0“Barley”
e1“Development of spike slowed following application of extra N”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon dioxide enrichment did not affect spikelets at anthesis.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Carbon dioxide enrichmente0
- Outcome
- number of spikelets at anthesise0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carbon dioxide enrichment did not affect the number of spikelets at anthesis”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess nitrogen decreased spikelet abortion.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Excess Ne0
- Outcome
- spikelet abortione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excess N decreased spikelet abortion and the increased maximum number of spikelets under both [CO 2 ]”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess nitrogen increased maximum spikelet number under both carbon dioxide levels.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Excess Ne0
- Outcome
- maximum number of spikeletse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excess N decreased spikelet abortion and the increased maximum number of spikelets under both [CO 2 ]”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants did not tiller under low carbon dioxide and low nitrogen.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- did not tillere0
- Qualifier
- low [CO 2 ] and low Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Barley plants did not tiller when grown in low [CO 2 ] and low N”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated endogenous IAA may have contributed to lack of tillering.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Compound
- IAAe0
- Outcome
- Increased endogenous IAA concentratione0
- Qualifier
- may have contributed to thise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased endogenous IAA concentration in those plants, recorded three days before tillers appeared in other treatments, may have contributed to this”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon dioxide enrichment increased plant carbon concentration.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Carbon dioxide enrichmente0
- Outcome
- C concentration of plantse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carbon dioxide enrichment increased the C concentration of plants, but decreased the N concentration under high N regime”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon dioxide enrichment decreased plant nitrogen concentration under high nitrogen.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Carbon dioxide enrichmente0
- Outcome
- N concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- under high N regimee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carbon dioxide enrichment increased the C concentration of plants, but decreased the N concentration under high N regime”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen increased plant carbon and nitrogen concentrations.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- high N regimee0
- Outcome
- C and N concentration of plantse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both the C and N concentration of plants were increased under high N regime”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon dioxide enrichment increased mature dry matter 9% under high nitrogen.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Carbon dioxide enrichmente0
- Outcome
- total dry matter of mature plantse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9 %e0
- Qualifier
- under high N regimee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carbon dioxide enrichment increased the total dry matter of mature plants by 9 % under high N regime and by 21 % under low N regime”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon dioxide enrichment increased mature dry matter 21% under low nitrogen.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Carbon dioxide enrichmente0
- Outcome
- total dry matter of mature plantse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21 %e0
- Qualifier
- under low N regimee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carbon dioxide enrichment increased the total dry matter of mature plants by 9 % under high N regime and by 21 % under low N regime”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide increased kernel yield 23% under low nitrogen.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- high [CO 2 ]e1
- Outcome
- kernel yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 23 %e0
- Qualifier
- under low N regimee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulted in a 23 % increase in kernel yield under low N regime and 76 % increase in kernel yield under high N regime”
t0“Barley”
e1“Under high [CO 2 ] increased kernel number on tiller spikes”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide increased kernel yield 76% under high nitrogen.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- high [CO 2 ]e1
- Outcome
- kernel yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 76 %e0
- Qualifier
- under high N regimee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulted in a 23 % increase in kernel yield under low N regime and 76 % increase in kernel yield under high N regime”
t0“Barley”
e1“Under high [CO 2 ] increased kernel number on tiller spikes”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application rate influenced growth and yield components more than carbon dioxide enrichment.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- growth and yield componentse0
- Direction
- greater extente0
- Comparator
- CO 2 enrichmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rate of N application influenced growth and yield components to a greater extent than CO 2 enrichment”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen raised dry matter, kernel weight, kernels per spike and spikes per plant at maturity.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- high N regimee0
- Outcome
- plant dry matter, kernel weight, the number of kernels per spike, and the number of spikes per plante0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- low N regimee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At maturity, plant dry matter, kernel weight, the number of kernels per spike, and the number of spikes per plant were higher under high N regime than under low N regime”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Under stated growth conditions high carbon dioxide increased tiller spike kernels and kernel weight, but not main stem kernels or tiller counts.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- high [CO 2 ]e0
- Outcome
- kernel weight and the number of kernels on tiller spikese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under high and low N application ratee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high [CO 2 ] increased kernel weight and the number of kernels on tiller spikes under high and low N application rate, but did not increase the number of kernels on main stem spike, or the number of tillers or tiller spikes per plant”
t0“Barley”
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