Abstract
Germination of the spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. var. grabra cv. Nobel) seed was examined at supra-optimal temperatures. Almost all seeds germinated rapidly at 20°C. However, germination decreased as temperature was raised and fell to about 10% at 35°C. Removal of the pericarp as well as presoaking treatment markedly improved the germination, especially, at 35°C. Germination of pericarp-removed seeds was inhibited by water soluble extracts from seeds and pericarp, but not by those from presoaked seeds. The inhibitory activity of the extracts was not affected much by the incubation temperatures before extraction. Sulfuric acid treatment conducted to modify the physical properties of the pericarp and hydrogen peroxide treatment conducted to elevate the oxygen tension promoted germination.Thus, the poor germination at high temperatures may be caused mainly by the pericarp, which produces germination inhibitors or gives mechanical resistance and impermeability to gases. Even in the pericarp-removed seeds, germination was delayed at high temperatures, indicating that high temperature directly affected the embryo.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Almost all spinach seeds germinated rapidly at 20°C.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceat0 - Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Outcome
- seeds germinated rapidlye0
Not reportedSettingDirectionValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Almost all seeds germinated rapidly at 20°C”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination fell to about 10% at 35°C as temperature rose.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- about 10%e0
- Qualifier
- at 35°Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“germination decreased as temperature was raised and fell to about 10% at 35°C”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Pericarp removal improved germination, particularly at 35°C.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Removal of the pericarpe0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- at 35°Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Removal of the pericarp as well as presoaking treatment markedly improved the germination, especially, at 35°C”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Presoaking improved germination, particularly at 35°C.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- presoaking treatmente0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Removal of the pericarp as well as presoaking treatment markedly improved the germination, especially, at 35°C”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed extracts inhibited germination of pericarp-removed seeds.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- extracts from seedse0
- Outcome
- Germination of pericarp-removed seedse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination of pericarp-removed seeds was inhibited by water soluble extracts from seeds and pericarp”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Pericarp extracts inhibited germination of pericarp-removed seeds.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- pericarpe0
- Outcome
- Germination of pericarp-removed seedse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination of pericarp-removed seeds was inhibited by water soluble extracts from seeds and pericarp”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Extracts from presoaked seeds did not inhibit germination.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- presoaked seedse0
- Outcome
- Germination of pericarp-removed seedse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination of pericarp-removed seeds was inhibited by water soluble extracts from seeds and pericarp, but not by those from presoaked seeds”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Incubation temperature before extraction had little effect on extract inhibitory activity.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Outcome
- inhibitory activity of the extractse0
- Direction
- not affected muche0
- Qualifier
- incubation temperatures before extractione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The inhibitory activity of the extracts was not affected much by the incubation temperatures before extraction”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfuric acid treatment promoted germination.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Sulfuric acid treatmente0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfuric acid treatment conducted to modify the physical properties of the pericarp and hydrogen peroxide treatment conducted to elevate the oxygen tension promoted germination”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen peroxide treatment promoted germination.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- hydrogen peroxide treatmente0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hydrogen peroxide treatment conducted to elevate the oxygen tension promoted germination”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature delayed germination even after pericarp removal.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Qualifier
- at high temperaturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Even in the pericarp-removed seeds, germination was delayed at high temperatures”
t0“Spinach”
The same questions in other papers
sulfuric acid · growth · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
hydrogen peroxide · growth · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
botanical · growth · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
12 papers more in this group
See all 16 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.