Abstract
Abstract Seedlings of alfalfa, rape, spinach, and wheat, potted on sandy soil, were irrigated with an aqueous extract of pea shoot (PE, 9.84 g dry weight l –1 ) or a solution of Ca, K, Mg, P, and NO 3 ‐N salts (SS) in a concentration similar to that in PE, for 31–48 days. In comparison to water‐irrigated controls, both SS and PE treated plants showed nearly equal increases in shoot dry weight (29–40 %), whereas PE‐treated plants had higher fresh weights (38–84 %) due to increased succulence. Treatment with SS did not enhance, but sometimes even reduce, the concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, and several trace elements in shoot tissues. In contrast, PE‐treated plants had higher Ca, K, Mg, and organic N, but lower As and Ni contents and were thus of higher nutritive value. Reduced contents of metals in plant tissue correlated with their reduced solubility in the soil solution, which was not due to changes in pH. Fertilizer components such as K and Mg (metals of lower exchange intensity) were incorporated into the soil to release Ca, Sr, and Ba (metals of higher exchange intensity) and reduce the solubility of most trace elements and metal‐complexing humic substances. In addition, application of Ca precipitated heavy metals and humic complexes directly from the soil solution. This effect was partially overcome by PE. Its carboxylic acids could act as phytochelators of metal ions and as mobilizers of the highly diffusible humic substances which carry metals to roots. It is concluded that continuous PE application replaces the quantities of Ca, K, Mg, P, and organic N, but not of NO 3 ‐N consumed during plant growth. Using PE does not add any relevant quantities of toxic metals to the plant‐soil system.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Pea-shoot extract irrigation increased shoot dry weight of the seedlings by 29–40% relative to water controls.
- Taxon
- alfalfa, rape, spinach, and wheat
Spinacia oleracea_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napus
Medicago sativa
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- aqueous extract of pea shoote0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte2
- Direction
- increasese2
- Value
- 29–40 %e2
- Qualifier
- nearly equale2
- Comparator
- controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings of alfalfa, rape, spinach, and wheat, potted on sandy soil, were irrigated with an aqueous extract of pea shoot”
e2“both SS and PE treated plants showed nearly equal increases in shoot dry weight (29–40 %)”
e3“In comparison to water‐irrigated controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-solution irrigation (SS) increased shoot dry weight of the seedlings by 29–40% relative to water controls, nearly equal to pea-shoot extract.
- Taxon
- alfalfa, rape, spinach, and wheatSpinacia oleraceaBrassica napusMedicago sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- SSe2
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte2
- Direction
- increasese2
- Value
- 29–40 %e2
- Qualifier
- nearly equale2
- Comparator
- controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings of alfalfa, rape, spinach, and wheat, potted on sandy soil, were irrigated with an aqueous extract of pea shoot”
e2“both SS and PE treated plants showed nearly equal increases in shoot dry weight (29–40 %)”
e3“In comparison to water‐irrigated controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Pea-shoot extract irrigation gave higher fresh weights of the seedlings, by 38–84%, due to increased succulence.
- Taxon
- alfalfa, rape, spinach, and wheatSpinacia oleraceaBrassica napusMedicago sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- aqueous extract of pea shoote0
- Outcome
- fresh weightse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 38–84 %e1
- Qualifier
- due to increased succulencee1
- Comparator
- controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings of alfalfa, rape, spinach, and wheat, potted on sandy soil, were irrigated with an aqueous extract of pea shoot”
e1“had higher fresh weights (38–84 %) due to increased succulence”
e3“In comparison to water‐irrigated controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Pea-shoot extract irrigation gave higher Ca, K, Mg and organic N contents in the seedlings.
- Taxon
- alfalfa, rape, spinach, and wheatSpinacia oleraceaBrassica napusMedicago sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- aqueous extract of pea shoote0
- Outcome
- Ca, K, Mg, and organic Ne4
- Direction
- highere4
- Comparator
- controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings of alfalfa, rape, spinach, and wheat, potted on sandy soil, were irrigated with an aqueous extract of pea shoot”
e3“In comparison to water‐irrigated controls”
e4“had higher Ca, K, Mg, and organic N, but lower As and Ni contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Pea-shoot extract irrigation gave lower As and Ni contents in the seedlings.
- Taxon
- alfalfa, rape, spinach, and wheatSpinacia oleraceaBrassica napusMedicago sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- aqueous extract of pea shoote0
- Outcome
- As and Ni contentse4
- Direction
- lowere4
- Comparator
- controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings of alfalfa, rape, spinach, and wheat, potted on sandy soil, were irrigated with an aqueous extract of pea shoot”
e3“In comparison to water‐irrigated controls”
e4“had higher Ca, K, Mg, and organic N, but lower As and Ni contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-solution irrigation did not enhance Ca, K, Mg and several trace element concentrations and sometimes reduced them.
- Taxon
- alfalfa, rape, spinach, and wheatSpinacia oleraceaBrassica napusMedicago sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- SSe5
- Outcome
- concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, and several trace elementse5
- Direction
- did not enhancee5
- Qualifier
- sometimes even reducee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings of alfalfa, rape, spinach, and wheat, potted on sandy soil, were irrigated with an aqueous extract of pea shoot”
e5“Treatment with SS did not enhance, but sometimes even reduce, the concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, and several trace elements”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower metal contents in plant tissue were associated with lower metal solubility in the soil solution.
- Taxon
- alfalfa, rape, spinach, and wheatSpinacia oleraceaBrassica napusMedicago sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- plant tissuee6
- Outcome
- contents of metals in plant tissuee6
- Direction
- Reducede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings of alfalfa, rape, spinach, and wheat, potted on sandy soil, were irrigated with an aqueous extract of pea shoot”
e6“Reduced contents of metals in plant tissue correlated with their reduced solubility in the soil solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous pea-shoot extract application replaces the Ca, K, Mg, P and organic N consumed by plants during growth.
- Taxon
- alfalfa, rape, spinach, and wheatSpinacia oleraceaBrassica napusMedicago sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- quantities of Ca, K, Mg, P, and organic Ne7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings of alfalfa, rape, spinach, and wheat, potted on sandy soil, were irrigated with an aqueous extract of pea shoot”
e7“continuous PE application replaces the quantities of Ca, K, Mg, P, and organic N, but not of NO 3 ‐N consumed during plant growth. Using PE does not add any relevant quantities of toxic metals”
Claim · model-written summary
Pea-shoot extract use does not add relevant quantities of toxic metals to the plant-soil system.
- Taxon
- alfalfa, rape, spinach, and wheatSpinacia oleraceaBrassica napusMedicago sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Using PEe7
- Outcome
- quantities of toxic metalse7
- Direction
- does not adde7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings of alfalfa, rape, spinach, and wheat, potted on sandy soil, were irrigated with an aqueous extract of pea shoot”
e7“continuous PE application replaces the quantities of Ca, K, Mg, P, and organic N, but not of NO 3 ‐N consumed during plant growth. Using PE does not add any relevant quantities of toxic metals”
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See all 65 papers →8 of 16 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.