Abstract
Salinity and nutrient-depleted soil are major constraints to crop production, especially for vegetable crops. The effects of salinity and nutrient deficiency on spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) were evaluated in sand cultures under greenhouse conditions. Plants were watered every day with Hoagland nutrition solution, deprived of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), or potassium (K) for nutrient deficiency, either with or without 20/10 m m sodium chloride (NaCl)/calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) for salinity treatment. Salinity significantly decreased shoot fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW), leaf relative water content (RWC), and specific leaf area (SLA) relative to controls after 4 weeks of treatment and increased chlorophyll content, maximum photochemical efficiency (F v /F m ), and photochemical yield [Y(II)]. Nitrogen deficiency greatly reduced shoot FW and DW, SLA, and chlorophyll content, regardless of salt treatment. Y(II) and F v /F m were reduced by N deficiency and salinity treatment. Phosphorous and K deficiencies, similarly, decreased shoot FW and DW irrespective of salinity treatment and increased chlorophyll content without salt stress. Phosphorous deficiency increased Y(II) under control and F v /F m under both control and salt treatment. Salinity and nutrient deficiency also affected the nutritional value of spinach. Salt stress increased carotenoid and flavonoid contents, and reducing power in full-strength Hoagland solution, and decreased leaf ferrous ion chelating ability (FICA). Nutrient deficiency increased reducing power regardless of salinity treatment. Nitrogen deficiency increased anthocyanin and total phenolic contents, decreased carotenoids and flavonoids regardless of salinity treatment, and increased antioxidant capacity under no-salt conditions. Phosphorous deficiency increased carotenoid and flavonoid contents under no-salt condition and enhanced total phenolic content and reduced FICA and amino acid content under salt stress. Potassium deficiency increased total phenolic, carotenoid, and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity under non-salt condition, but decreased FICA regardless of salinity treatment. These results suggest that spinach nutritional value could be improved with only moderately or slightly reduced yield through cultural practices that impose either low fertilizer levels or slight salt stress.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced spinach shoot mass, relative water content and specific leaf area.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceat0 - Treatment
- Salinitye2
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW), leaf relative water content (RWC), and specific leaf area (SLA)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- after 4 weeks of treatmente0
- Comparator
- controlse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity significantly decreased shoot fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW), leaf relative water content (RWC), and specific leaf area (SLA) relative to controls after 4 weeks of treatment”
t0“Spinach”
e2“Salinity significantly decreased shoot fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW), leaf relative water content (RWC), and specific leaf area (SLA) relative to controls after 4 weeks of treatment and increased chlorophyll content, maximum photochemical efficiency (F v /F m ), and photochemical yield [Y(II)].”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased spinach chlorophyll content and photochemical measures.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Salinitye2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content, maximum photochemical efficiency (F v /F m ), and photochemical yield [Y(II)]e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controlse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased chlorophyll content, maximum photochemical efficiency (F v /F m ), and photochemical yield [Y(II)].”
t0“Spinach”
e2“Salinity significantly decreased shoot fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW), leaf relative water content (RWC), and specific leaf area (SLA) relative to controls after 4 weeks of treatment and increased chlorophyll content, maximum photochemical efficiency (F v /F m ), and photochemical yield [Y(II)].”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen deficiency reduced spinach shoot mass, specific leaf area and chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen deficiencye2
- Outcome
- shoot FW and DW, SLA, and chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- regardless of salt treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen deficiency greatly reduced shoot FW and DW, SLA, and chlorophyll content, regardless of salt treatment.”
t0“Spinach”
e2“Nitrogen deficiency increased anthocyanin and total phenolic contents, decreased carotenoids and flavonoids regardless of salinity treatment, and increased antioxidant capacity under no-salt conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen deficiency and salinity reduced spinach photochemical yield and efficiency.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- N deficiency and salinity treatmente0
- Outcome
- Y(II) and F v /F me0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Y(II) and F v /F m were reduced by N deficiency and salinity treatment.”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus deficiency reduced spinach shoot mass regardless of salinity.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Phosphorouse0
- Outcome
- shoot FW and DWe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- irrespective of salinity treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phosphorous and K deficiencies, similarly, decreased shoot FW and DW irrespective of salinity treatment”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium deficiency reduced spinach shoot mass regardless of salinity.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- K deficienciese2
- Outcome
- shoot FW and DWe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- irrespective of salinity treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phosphorous and K deficiencies, similarly, decreased shoot FW and DW irrespective of salinity treatment”
t0“Spinach”
e2“Phosphorous and K deficiencies, similarly, decreased shoot FW and DW irrespective of salinity treatment and increased chlorophyll content without salt stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus deficiency increased chlorophyll without salt stress.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Phosphorous deficiencye2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- without salt stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased chlorophyll content without salt stress.”
t0“Spinach”
e2“Phosphorous deficiency increased Y(II) under control and F v /F m under both control and salt treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium deficiency increased chlorophyll without salt stress.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- K deficienciese2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- without salt stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased chlorophyll content without salt stress.”
t0“Spinach”
e2“Phosphorous and K deficiencies, similarly, decreased shoot FW and DW irrespective of salinity treatment and increased chlorophyll content without salt stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus deficiency increased photochemical yield under control conditions and efficiency under control and salt conditions.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Phosphorous deficiencye2
- Outcome
- Y(II) under control and F v /F m under both control and salt treatmente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phosphorous deficiency increased Y(II) under control and F v /F m under both control and salt treatment.”
t0“Spinach”
e2“Phosphorous deficiency increased Y(II) under control and F v /F m under both control and salt treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased carotenoids, flavonoids and reducing power in full nutrient solution.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse2
- Outcome
- carotenoid and flavonoid contents, and reducing powere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- full-strength Hoagland solutione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress increased carotenoid and flavonoid contents, and reducing power in full-strength Hoagland solution”
t0“Spinach”
e2“Salt stress increased carotenoid and flavonoid contents, and reducing power in full-strength Hoagland solution, and decreased leaf ferrous ion chelating ability (FICA).”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced spinach leaf ferrous ion chelation.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse2
- Outcome
- leaf ferrous ion chelating ability (FICA)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased leaf ferrous ion chelating ability (FICA).”
t0“Spinach”
e2“Salt stress increased carotenoid and flavonoid contents, and reducing power in full-strength Hoagland solution, and decreased leaf ferrous ion chelating ability (FICA).”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient deficiency increased reducing power with or without salinity.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Nutrient deficiencye0
- Outcome
- reducing powere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- regardless of salinity treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nutrient deficiency increased reducing power regardless of salinity treatment.”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen deficiency raised anthocyanin and phenolic content but reduced carotenoids and flavonoids.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen deficiencye2
- Outcome
- anthocyanin and total phenolic contents, decreased carotenoids and flavonoidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- regardless of salinity treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen deficiency increased anthocyanin and total phenolic contents, decreased carotenoids and flavonoids regardless of salinity treatment”
t0“Spinach”
e2“Nitrogen deficiency increased anthocyanin and total phenolic contents, decreased carotenoids and flavonoids regardless of salinity treatment, and increased antioxidant capacity under no-salt conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen deficiency increased antioxidant capacity without salt.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen deficiencye2
- Outcome
- antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under no-salt conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased antioxidant capacity under no-salt conditions.”
t0“Spinach”
e2“Nitrogen deficiency increased anthocyanin and total phenolic contents, decreased carotenoids and flavonoids regardless of salinity treatment, and increased antioxidant capacity under no-salt conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus deficiency raised carotenoid and flavonoid content without salt.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Phosphorous deficiencye2
- Outcome
- carotenoid and flavonoid contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under no-salt conditione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phosphorous deficiency increased carotenoid and flavonoid contents under no-salt condition”
t0“Spinach”
e2“Phosphorous deficiency increased Y(II) under control and F v /F m under both control and salt treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress phosphorus deficiency raised total phenolics while reducing ferrous chelation and amino acids.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Phosphorous deficiencye2
- Outcome
- total phenolic content and reduced FICA and amino acid contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- under salt stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced total phenolic content and reduced FICA and amino acid content under salt stress.”
t0“Spinach”
e2“Phosphorous deficiency increased Y(II) under control and F v /F m under both control and salt treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium deficiency increased phenolics, carotenoids, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity without salt.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Potassium deficiencye2
- Outcome
- total phenolic, carotenoid, and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under non-salt conditione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium deficiency increased total phenolic, carotenoid, and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity under non-salt condition”
t0“Spinach”
e2“Potassium deficiency increased total phenolic, carotenoid, and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity under non-salt condition, but decreased FICA regardless of salinity treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium deficiency reduced ferrous ion chelation regardless of salinity.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Potassium deficiencye2
- Outcome
- FICAe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- regardless of salinity treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased FICA regardless of salinity treatment.”
t0“Spinach”
e2“Potassium deficiency increased total phenolic, carotenoid, and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity under non-salt condition, but decreased FICA regardless of salinity treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest low fertilizer or slight salt stress could improve spinach nutritional value with moderately or slightly reduced yield.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Outcome
- nutritional value could be improvede0
- Qualifier
- moderately or slightly reduced yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spinach nutritional value could be improved with only moderately or slightly reduced yield through cultural practices that impose either low fertilizer levels or slight salt stress.”
t0“Spinach”
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See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.