Abstract
Two spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) cultivars were evaluated for their response to deficient (0.25 mmolc L−1 or 0.25 K) and sufficient (5.0 mmolc L−1 or 5.0 K) potassium (K) levels combined with salinities of 5, 30, 60, 90, and 120 mmolc L−1 NaCl. Plants substituted K for Na proportionally with salinity within each K dose. Plants favored K+ over Na+, regardless of salinity, accumulating significantly less Na at 5.0 K than at 0.25 K. Salinity had no effect on N, P, and K shoot accumulation, suggesting that spinach plants can maintain NPK homeostasis even at low soil K. Ca and Mg decreased with salinity, but plants showed no deficiency. There was no Na+ to K+ or Cl− to NO3− competition, and shoot biomass decrease was attributed to excessive NaCl accumulation. Overall, ‘Raccoon’ and ‘Gazelle’ biomasses were similar regardless of K dose but ‘Raccoon’ outproduced ‘Gazelle’ at 5.0 K at the two highest salinity levels, indicating that ‘Raccoon’ may outperform ‘Gazelle’ at higher NaCl concentrations. At low K, Na may be required by ‘Raccoon’, but not ‘Gazelle’. This study suggested that spinach can be cultivated with recycled waters of moderate salinity, and less potassium than recommended, leading to savings on crop input and decreasing crop environmental footprint.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Plants accumulated significantly less Na at 5.0 K than at 0.25 K.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) cultivars were evaluated”
e1“Plants favored K+ over Na+, regardless of salinity, accumulating significantly less Na at 5.0 K than at 0.25 K”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity had no effect on shoot N, P and K accumulation.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceae0 - Organ / stage
- shoote2
- Treatment
- Salinitye2
- Outcome
- N, P, and K shoot accumulatione2
- Direction
- no effecte2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) cultivars were evaluated”
e2“Salinity had no effect on N, P, and K shoot accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased Ca and Mg in spinach, but plants showed no deficiency.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- salinitye3
- Outcome
- Ca and Mge3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Qualifier
- but plants showed no deficiencye3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) cultivars were evaluated”
e3“Ca and Mg decreased with salinity, but plants showed no deficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
No Na+ to K+ or Cl− to NO3− competition was observed in spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Outcome
- Na+ to K+ or Cl− to NO3− competitione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) cultivars were evaluated”
e4“There was no Na+ to K+ or Cl− to NO3− competition, and shoot biomass decrease was attributed to excessive NaCl accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot biomass decrease in spinach was attributed to excessive NaCl accumulation.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Compound
- NaCle4
- Outcome
- shoot biomass decreasee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) cultivars were evaluated”
e4“There was no Na+ to K+ or Cl− to NO3− competition, and shoot biomass decrease was attributed to excessive NaCl accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Raccoon outproduced Gazelle at 5.0 K at the two highest salinity levels.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Material
- Raccoone5
- Treatment
- 5.0 Ke5
- Outcome
- biomasse5
- Direction
- outproducede5
- Qualifier
- at the two highest salinity levelse5
- Comparator
- Gazellee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) cultivars were evaluated”
e5“Overall, ‘Raccoon’ and ‘Gazelle’ biomasses were similar regardless of K dose but ‘Raccoon’ outproduced ‘Gazelle’ at 5.0 K at the two highest salinity levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Biomass of Raccoon and Gazelle was similar regardless of K dose.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Material
- ‘Raccoon’ and ‘Gazelle’e5
- Treatment
- K dosee5
- Outcome
- biomassese5
- Direction
- similare5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) cultivars were evaluated”
e5“Overall, ‘Raccoon’ and ‘Gazelle’ biomasses were similar regardless of K dose but ‘Raccoon’ outproduced ‘Gazelle’ at 5.0 K at the two highest salinity levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinach can be cultivated with recycled waters of moderate salinity and less potassium than recommended.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae6
- Treatment
- less potassium than recommendede6
- Outcome
- cultivated with recycled waters of moderate salinitye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“spinach can be cultivated with recycled waters of moderate salinity, and less potassium than recommended”
The same questions in other papers
salinity · nutrient: content · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree
8 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- no effect
- negative
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.