Abstract
Salinity is among the most significant threats hindering global food security. The impact of Trichoderma, biochar, and combination on Spinach plants under salt stress conditions was investigated. Our results confirmed that salt stress (75, 150 mM) negatively affected morphological and physiological parameters of Spinach plants such as shoot (26.4%, 45.9%), and root length (16.1%, 51.2%), fresh and dry weights of root and shoot, membrane stability index (9.8%, 18.5%), relative water content(4.5%, 16.8%), chlorophyll content, mineral contents, endogenous phytohormones (auxin, gibberellins, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid) and total soluble protein content. However, electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species production (such as hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical), sodium, soluble sugars, proline contents, and antioxidant enzymes activities (peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) significantly increased as a response to salt stress. The use of Trichoderma, biochar, and combination led to significant increases in all the above parameters; nevertheless, these treatments led to significant decreases in EL%, MDA, ROS, and sodium content in the stressed plants. The results proved the combination of Trichoderma and biochar is the most effective in alleviating the damaging impacts of salt on Spinach plants by increasing the up-regulation of antioxidants and decreasing membrane leakage and ROS.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress at 75 and 150 mM reduced spinach shoot length by 26.4% and 45.9%.
- Taxon
- Spinach plants
Spinacia oleraceae0 - Treatment
- salt stress (75, 150 mM)e0
- Outcome
- shoote0
- Direction
- negatively affectede0
- Value
- 26.4%, 45.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress (75, 150 mM) negatively affected morphological and physiological parameters of Spinach plants such as shoot (26.4%, 45.9%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress at 75 and 150 mM reduced spinach root length by 16.1% and 51.2%.
- Taxon
- Spinach plantsSpinacia oleraceat0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 16.1%, 51.2%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root length (16.1%, 51.2%)”
t0“Integrated usage of Trichoderma harzianum and biochar to ameliorate salt stress on spinach plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced spinach root and shoot fresh and dry weights.
- Taxon
- Spinach plantsSpinacia oleraceat0
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weights of root and shoote0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fresh and dry weights of root and shoot”
t0“Integrated usage of Trichoderma harzianum and biochar to ameliorate salt stress on spinach plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced spinach membrane stability index by 9.8% and 18.5%.
- Taxon
- Spinach plantsSpinacia oleraceat0
- Outcome
- membrane stability indexe0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 9.8%, 18.5%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“membrane stability index (9.8%, 18.5%)”
t0“Integrated usage of Trichoderma harzianum and biochar to ameliorate salt stress on spinach plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced spinach relative water content by 4.5% and 16.8%.
- Taxon
- Spinach plantsSpinacia oleraceat0
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 4.5%, 16.8%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relative water content(4.5%, 16.8%)”
t0“Integrated usage of Trichoderma harzianum and biochar to ameliorate salt stress on spinach plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced spinach chlorophyll content, mineral contents and total soluble protein content.
- Taxon
- Spinach plantsSpinacia oleraceat0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content, mineral contentse0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlorophyll content, mineral contents, endogenous phytohormones (auxin, gibberellins, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid) and total soluble protein content”
t0“Integrated usage of Trichoderma harzianum and biochar to ameliorate salt stress on spinach plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced spinach endogenous phytohormones.
- Taxon
- Spinach plantsSpinacia oleraceat0
- Outcome
- endogenous phytohormonese0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“endogenous phytohormones (auxin, gibberellins, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid) and total soluble protein content”
t0“Integrated usage of Trichoderma harzianum and biochar to ameliorate salt stress on spinach plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased spinach electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species production.
- Taxon
- Spinach plantsSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species production (such as hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical), sodium, soluble sugars, proline contents, and antioxidant enzymes activities (peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) significantly increased as a response to salt stress”
t0“Integrated usage of Trichoderma harzianum and biochar to ameliorate salt stress on spinach plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased spinach sodium, soluble sugars and proline contents.
- Taxon
- Spinach plantsSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- sodium, soluble sugars, proline contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sodium, soluble sugars, proline contents, and antioxidant enzymes activities (peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) significantly increased as a response to salt stress”
t0“Integrated usage of Trichoderma harzianum and biochar to ameliorate salt stress on spinach plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased spinach antioxidant enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- Spinach plantsSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzymes activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“antioxidant enzymes activities (peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) significantly increased as a response to salt stress”
t0“Integrated usage of Trichoderma harzianum and biochar to ameliorate salt stress on spinach plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma, biochar and their combination increased the previously listed spinach growth and physiological parameters under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Spinach plantsSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- The use of Trichoderma, biochar, and combinatione0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma
Trichodermae0symbiont - Outcome
- all the above parameterse0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The use of Trichoderma, biochar, and combination led to significant increases in all the above parameters”
t0“Integrated usage of Trichoderma harzianum and biochar to ameliorate salt stress on spinach plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma, biochar and their combination reduced electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species and sodium in salt-stressed spinach.
- Taxon
- spinach plantsSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- these treatmentse0
- Outcome
- EL%, MDA, ROSe0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these treatments led to significant decreases in EL%, MDA, ROS, and sodium content in the stressed plants”
t0“Integrated usage of Trichoderma harzianum and biochar to ameliorate salt stress on spinach plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of Trichoderma and biochar was the most effective treatment for alleviating salt damage to spinach.
- Taxon
- Spinach plantsSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- the combination of Trichoderma and biochare0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- damaging impacts of salte0
- Direction
- alleviatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of Trichoderma and biochar is the most effective in alleviating the damaging impacts of salt on Spinach plants by increasing the up-regulation of antioxidants and decreasing membrane leakage and ROS”
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See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.