Abstract
Abstract The response of winter wheat to surface waterlogging in monoliths of clay soil in lysimeters was studied. The treatments, selected as corresponding to the most extreme likely in Britain, were: 5 days of waterlogging in October between germination and emergence; 42 days of waterlogging during tillering in January and February; and 21 days from mid‐April during stem elongation. These treatments were used singly and in all combinations and were compared with a freely‐drained control. During waterlogging, the oxygen concentration in the soil declined most rapidly when the soil was warmer (in October and April) and at the shallower depths (5, 20cm): also, a decrease in soil solution nitrate was accompanied by an increase in nitrous oxide evolution. Pre‐emergence waterlogging restricted plant population to 35 m −2 compared to 338 m −2 under free drainage. Subsequently, compensatory growth resulted from diminished interplant competition for nitrogen, water and light: a greater proportion of tillers survived and the flag leaves were larger, although ears at harvest were fewer in all treatments waterlogged before emergence. After waterlogging during tillering, grain loss was accounted for entirely by a decrease in the number of ear‐bearing tillers. After waterlogging during stem elongation, yield losses were associated primarily with fewer grains per spikelet. Grain yield was depressed by about 4–12% after single waterloggings, by 20% after any two waterloggings, and by 32% when plants were waterlogged on all three occasions.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-emergence waterlogging restricted winter wheat plant population to 35 m-2 compared with 338 m-2 under free drainage.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- waterlogginge1
- Outcome
- plant populatione1
- Direction
- restrictede1
- Value
- 35 m −2e1
- Qualifier
- 338 m −2e1
- Comparator
- free drainagee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of single and multiple waterloggings on the growth and yield of winter wheat on a clay soil”
e1“Pre‐emergence waterlogging restricted plant population to 35 m −2 compared to 338 m −2 under free drainage”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxygen concentration in the soil declined most rapidly during waterlogging when the soil was warmer and at shallower depths.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- waterlogginge2
- Outcome
- oxygen concentration in the soile2
- Direction
- declined most rapidlye2
- Qualifier
- when the soil was warmere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of single and multiple waterloggings on the growth and yield of winter wheat on a clay soil”
e2“During waterlogging, the oxygen concentration in the soil declined most rapidly when the soil was warmer (in October and April) and at the shallower depths (5, 20cm)”
Claim · model-written summary
A decrease in soil solution nitrate during waterlogging was accompanied by an increase in nitrous oxide evolution.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- soil solution nitratee3
- Outcome
- nitrous oxide evolutione3
- Direction
- increasee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of single and multiple waterloggings on the growth and yield of winter wheat on a clay soil”
e3“a decrease in soil solution nitrate was accompanied by an increase in nitrous oxide evolution”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging before emergence gave a greater proportion of surviving tillers.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- waterlogged before emergencee4
- Outcome
- proportion of tillers survivede4
- Direction
- greatere4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of single and multiple waterloggings on the growth and yield of winter wheat on a clay soil”
e4“Subsequently, compensatory growth resulted from diminished interplant competition for nitrogen, water and light: a greater proportion of tillers survived and the flag leaves were larger, although ears at harvest were fewer in all treatments waterlogged before emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging before emergence left the flag leaves larger.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- waterlogged before emergencee4
- Outcome
- flag leavese4
- Direction
- largere4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of single and multiple waterloggings on the growth and yield of winter wheat on a clay soil”
e4“Subsequently, compensatory growth resulted from diminished interplant competition for nitrogen, water and light: a greater proportion of tillers survived and the flag leaves were larger, although ears at harvest were fewer in all treatments waterlogged before emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging before emergence gave fewer ears at harvest in all treatments.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- waterlogged before emergencee4
- Outcome
- ears at harveste4
- Direction
- fewere4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of single and multiple waterloggings on the growth and yield of winter wheat on a clay soil”
e4“Subsequently, compensatory growth resulted from diminished interplant competition for nitrogen, water and light: a greater proportion of tillers survived and the flag leaves were larger, although ears at harvest were fewer in all treatments waterlogged before emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Compensatory growth after early waterlogging results from diminished interplant competition for nitrogen, water and light.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- compensatory growthe4
- Qualifier
- diminished interplant competition for nitrogen, water and lighte4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of single and multiple waterloggings on the growth and yield of winter wheat on a clay soil”
e4“Subsequently, compensatory growth resulted from diminished interplant competition for nitrogen, water and light: a greater proportion of tillers survived and the flag leaves were larger, although ears at harvest were fewer in all treatments waterlogged before emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
After waterlogging during tillering, grain loss was accounted for entirely by fewer ear-bearing tillers.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- waterlogging during tilleringe5
- Outcome
- number of ear‐bearing tillerse5
- Direction
- decreasee5
- Qualifier
- grain loss was accounted for entirely bye5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of single and multiple waterloggings on the growth and yield of winter wheat on a clay soil”
e5“After waterlogging during tillering, grain loss was accounted for entirely by a decrease in the number of ear‐bearing tillers”
Claim · model-written summary
After waterlogging during stem elongation, yield losses were associated with fewer grains per spikelet.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- waterlogging during stem elongatione6
- Outcome
- grains per spikelete6
- Direction
- fewere6
- Qualifier
- yield losses were associated primarily withe6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of single and multiple waterloggings on the growth and yield of winter wheat on a clay soil”
e6“After waterlogging during stem elongation, yield losses were associated primarily with fewer grains per spikelet”
Claim · model-written summary
Single waterlogging depressed grain yield by about 4–12%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- single waterloggingse7
- Outcome
- Grain yielde7
- Direction
- depressede7
- Value
- 4–12%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of single and multiple waterloggings on the growth and yield of winter wheat on a clay soil”
e7“Grain yield was depressed by about 4–12% after single waterloggings, by 20% after any two waterloggings, and by 32% when plants were waterlogged on all three occasions”
Claim · model-written summary
Any two waterloggings depressed grain yield by 20%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- any two waterloggingse7
- Outcome
- Grain yielde7
- Direction
- depressede7
- Value
- 20%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of single and multiple waterloggings on the growth and yield of winter wheat on a clay soil”
e7“Grain yield was depressed by about 4–12% after single waterloggings, by 20% after any two waterloggings, and by 32% when plants were waterlogged on all three occasions”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging on all three occasions depressed grain yield by 32%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- waterlogged on all three occasionse7
- Outcome
- Grain yielde7
- Direction
- depressede7
- Value
- 32%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of single and multiple waterloggings on the growth and yield of winter wheat on a clay soil”
e7“Grain yield was depressed by about 4–12% after single waterloggings, by 20% after any two waterloggings, and by 32% when plants were waterlogged on all three occasions”
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