Abstract
ABSTRACT The effectiveness of nitrogen (N)+ zinc (Zn) soil and foliar fertilizer applications on growth, yield, and quality of apple (Malus domestic Borkh ‘Golden Delicious’) fruit was studied in the Zanjan province, Iran. There were eight treatments 1) control (no fertilizer), 2) soil applied N, 3) soil applied Zn, 4) soil applied N+Zn, 5) foliar applied N, 6) foliar applied Zn, 7) foliar applied N+Zn and 8) combined soil and foliar applied N+Zn. The N source was urea [CO(NH2)2, 46% N] applied at 276 N tree− 1 yr−1 and the Zn source was zinc sulfate (ZnSO4,7H20, 23% Zn) applied at 110 g Zn tree− 1 yr− 1. The soil treatments of N and Zn, were applied every two weeks during June through August (total of 6 times/year) in a 1 m radius around the tree trunk (drip line of trees). The foliar solutions of N (10 g l− 1 urea) and Zn [8 g l− 1 zinc sulfate (ZnSO4)] were sprayed at the rate of 10 L tree− 1 every two weeks at the same times as described for soil applications. The highest yield (49 kg tree− 1), and the heaviest fruits (202 g) were obtained in the soil and foliar combination of N+Zn treatment. The lowest yield (35 kg tree− 1), and the smallest fruits (175 g) were recorded in the control. Nitrogen, and to a lesser extent Zn, foliar application resulted in decreasing fruit quality (caused russeting, and lower soluble solid), but increasing N leaf and fruit concentrations (2.4% DW and 563 mg kg− 1, respectively). There were significant differences among yield and leaf mineral nutrient concentration in different treatments. But there was no significant difference between fruit mineral nutrient concentration (except N). Ratio of N/calcium (Ca), potassium (K)/Ca, and [magnesium (Mg)+K]/Ca in fruits were found suitable for fruit quality prediction. Combining the zinc sulfate with urea in the foliar applications increased the concentration of Zn from 0.7 to 1.5 mg per kg of apple tissue. Leaf N concentration varied during growth season. Foliar applied nutrient can be more efficient than soil applied, but a combination of soil and foliar applications is recommended for apple tree nutrient management.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
The soil and foliar combination of N and Zn gave the highest apple yield, 49 kg per tree.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- soil and foliar combination of N+Zn treatmente1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 49 kg tree− 1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effectiveness of nitrogen (N)+ zinc (Zn) soil and foliar fertilizer applications on growth, yield, and quality of apple (Malus domestic Borkh ‘Golden Delicious’) fruit was studied in the Zanjan province, Iran”
e1“The highest yield (49 kg tree− 1), and the heaviest fruits (202 g) were obtained in the soil and foliar combination of N+Zn treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The soil and foliar combination of N and Zn gave the heaviest apple fruits, 202 g.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- soil and foliar combination of N+Zn treatmente1
- Outcome
- fruitse1
- Direction
- heavieste1
- Value
- 202 ge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effectiveness of nitrogen (N)+ zinc (Zn) soil and foliar fertilizer applications on growth, yield, and quality of apple (Malus domestic Borkh ‘Golden Delicious’) fruit was studied in the Zanjan province, Iran”
e1“The highest yield (49 kg tree− 1), and the heaviest fruits (202 g) were obtained in the soil and foliar combination of N+Zn treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The control gave the lowest apple yield, 35 kg per tree.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effectiveness of nitrogen (N)+ zinc (Zn) soil and foliar fertilizer applications on growth, yield, and quality of apple (Malus domestic Borkh ‘Golden Delicious’) fruit was studied in the Zanjan province, Iran”
e2“The lowest yield (35 kg tree− 1), and the smallest fruits (175 g) were recorded in the control”
Claim · model-written summary
The control gave the smallest apple fruits, 175 g.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effectiveness of nitrogen (N)+ zinc (Zn) soil and foliar fertilizer applications on growth, yield, and quality of apple (Malus domestic Borkh ‘Golden Delicious’) fruit was studied in the Zanjan province, Iran”
e2“The lowest yield (35 kg tree− 1), and the smallest fruits (175 g) were recorded in the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nitrogen application decreased apple fruit quality, with russeting and lower soluble solids.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Nitrogene3
- Outcome
- fruit qualitye3
- Direction
- decreasinge3
- Qualifier
- caused russeting, and lower soluble solide3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effectiveness of nitrogen (N)+ zinc (Zn) soil and foliar fertilizer applications on growth, yield, and quality of apple (Malus domestic Borkh ‘Golden Delicious’) fruit was studied in the Zanjan province, Iran”
e3“Nitrogen, and to a lesser extent Zn, foliar application resulted in decreasing fruit quality (caused russeting, and lower soluble solid)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nitrogen application increased leaf nitrogen concentration to 2.4% DW.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- leafe4
- Treatment
- Nitrogene3
- Outcome
- N leaf and fruit concentrationse4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Value
- 2.4% DWe4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effectiveness of nitrogen (N)+ zinc (Zn) soil and foliar fertilizer applications on growth, yield, and quality of apple (Malus domestic Borkh ‘Golden Delicious’) fruit was studied in the Zanjan province, Iran”
e3“Nitrogen, and to a lesser extent Zn, foliar application resulted in decreasing fruit quality (caused russeting, and lower soluble solid)”
e4“but increasing N leaf and fruit concentrations (2.4% DW and 563 mg kg− 1, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nitrogen application increased fruit nitrogen concentration to 563 mg per kg.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- fruite4
- Treatment
- Nitrogene3
- Outcome
- fruit concentrationse4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Value
- 563 mg kg− 1e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effectiveness of nitrogen (N)+ zinc (Zn) soil and foliar fertilizer applications on growth, yield, and quality of apple (Malus domestic Borkh ‘Golden Delicious’) fruit was studied in the Zanjan province, Iran”
e3“Nitrogen, and to a lesser extent Zn, foliar application resulted in decreasing fruit quality (caused russeting, and lower soluble solid)”
e4“but increasing N leaf and fruit concentrations (2.4% DW and 563 mg kg− 1, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit mineral nutrient concentrations did not differ significantly between treatments, except for nitrogen.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- fruite5
- Outcome
- fruit mineral nutrient concentratione5
- Direction
- no significant differencee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effectiveness of nitrogen (N)+ zinc (Zn) soil and foliar fertilizer applications on growth, yield, and quality of apple (Malus domestic Borkh ‘Golden Delicious’) fruit was studied in the Zanjan province, Iran”
e5“But there was no significant difference between fruit mineral nutrient concentration (except N)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ratios of N/Ca, K/Ca and (Mg+K)/Ca in apple fruit were suitable for predicting fruit quality.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- fruitse6
- Outcome
- fruit quality predictione6
- Qualifier
- N/calcium (Ca), potassium (K)/Ca, and [magnesium (Mg)+K]/Cae6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effectiveness of nitrogen (N)+ zinc (Zn) soil and foliar fertilizer applications on growth, yield, and quality of apple (Malus domestic Borkh ‘Golden Delicious’) fruit was studied in the Zanjan province, Iran”
e6“Ratio of N/calcium (Ca), potassium (K)/Ca, and [magnesium (Mg)+K]/Ca in fruits were found suitable for fruit quality prediction”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining zinc sulfate with urea in foliar applications increased apple tissue Zn concentration from 0.7 to 1.5 mg per kg.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Combining the zinc sulfate with urea in the foliar applicationse7
- Outcome
- concentration of Zne7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- from 0.7 to 1.5 mg per kge7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effectiveness of nitrogen (N)+ zinc (Zn) soil and foliar fertilizer applications on growth, yield, and quality of apple (Malus domestic Borkh ‘Golden Delicious’) fruit was studied in the Zanjan province, Iran”
e7“Combining the zinc sulfate with urea in the foliar applications increased the concentration of Zn from 0.7 to 1.5 mg per kg of apple tissue”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf nitrogen concentration varied during the growing season.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- Leaf N concentratione1
- Qualifier
- varied during growth seasone1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effectiveness of nitrogen (N)+ zinc (Zn) soil and foliar fertilizer applications on growth, yield, and quality of apple (Malus domestic Borkh ‘Golden Delicious’) fruit was studied in the Zanjan province, Iran”
e1“Leaf N concentration varied during growth season”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar applied nutrients can be more efficient than soil applied nutrients.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Foliar applied nutriente1
- Outcome
- efficiente1
- Direction
- more efficiente1
- Comparator
- soil appliede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effectiveness of nitrogen (N)+ zinc (Zn) soil and foliar fertilizer applications on growth, yield, and quality of apple (Malus domestic Borkh ‘Golden Delicious’) fruit was studied in the Zanjan province, Iran”
e1“Foliar applied nutrient can be more efficient than soil applied”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend a combination of soil and foliar applications for apple tree nutrient management.
- Taxon
- apple treeMalus domesticae1
- Outcome
- a combination of soil and foliar applicationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effectiveness of nitrogen (N)+ zinc (Zn) soil and foliar fertilizer applications on growth, yield, and quality of apple (Malus domestic Borkh ‘Golden Delicious’) fruit was studied in the Zanjan province, Iran”
e1“a combination of soil and foliar applications is recommended for apple tree nutrient management”
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