Abstract
The gibberellin-deficient mutant, ga1-1 (NG5) of Arabidopsis thaliana, when induced by 16-h-long days, will form floral buds. However, the flower stalk is very short and floral organs within the flowers remain undeveloped; petal growth is arrested, with the petals being scaly and translucent, the stamens are abortive, the filaments do not elongate, and the pollen does not mature. Sepals and pistils are also underdeveloped. All of the above defects of this mutant can be completely eliminated if certain gibberellins (GAs) are applied to the young floral buds. That is, the applied GA acts to normalize not only plant height but also development of floral organs, thereby yielding good seed set from self-pollination. There were appreciable differences in the efficacy of different GA structures in normalizing the various floral organs. For seed production, the order of efficacy was 2,2-dimethyl GA 4 > GA 7 > GA 3 = GA 4 > GA 1 > GA 5 = GA 9 . When 2,2-dimethyl GA 4 was used to determine an optimal GA dose, the following pattern emerged: filament elongation and pollen development, 1-10 ng; petal and pistil growth, 1 ng; sepal growth, 0.1 ng; papilla elongation, 0.01 ng. However, one application at these doses was insufficient to normalize the flowers, which were formed one after another, and a continuing supply of GA at the optimal dose was required for normal flower development and seed set. We conclude from this work that GAs play an essential role in the development of floral organs of Arabidopsis and that petals and stamens (filaments and pollen) in particular develop normally only when GAs are present at the optimal level.Key words: Arabidopsis thaliana, floral organ development, gibberellin, gibberellin-deficient mutant, petal and pollen development, reproductive function.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Under 16-hour days, ga1-1 formed floral buds.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Material
- ga1-1 (NG5)e0
- Outcome
- form floral budse0
- Qualifier
- 16-h-long dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The gibberellin-deficient mutant, ga1-1 (NG5) of Arabidopsis thaliana, when induced by 16-h-long days, will form floral buds.”
Claim · model-written summary
The mutant had a very short flower stalk and undeveloped floral organs.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- ga1-1t0
- Outcome
- flower stalk is very short and floral organs within the flowers remain undevelopede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, the flower stalk is very short and floral organs within the flowers remain undeveloped; petal growth is arrested, with the petals being scaly and translucent, the stamens are abortive, the filaments do not elongate, and the pollen does not mature.”
t0“ga1-1, of Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Mutant petals had arrested growth and were scaly and translucent.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- ga1-1t0
- Outcome
- petal growth is arrested, with the petals being scaly and translucente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“petal growth is arrested, with the petals being scaly and translucent”
t0“ga1-1, of Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The mutant stamens were abortive.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- ga1-1t0
- Outcome
- stamens are abortivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the stamens are abortive”
t0“ga1-1, of Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The mutant filaments did not elongate.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- ga1-1t0
- Outcome
- filaments do not elongatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the filaments do not elongate”
t0“ga1-1, of Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The mutant pollen did not mature.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- ga1-1t0
- Outcome
- pollen does not maturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the pollen does not mature”
t0“ga1-1, of Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Sepals and pistils were underdeveloped.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- ga1-1t0
- Outcome
- Sepals and pistils are also underdevelopede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sepals and pistils are also underdeveloped.”
t0“ga1-1, of Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying certain GAs to young buds eliminated the mutant floral defects.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- ga1-1t0
- Treatment
- certain gibberellins (GAs) are applied to the young floral budse0
- Outcome
- defects of this mutante0
- Direction
- completely eliminatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All of the above defects of this mutant can be completely eliminated if certain gibberellins (GAs) are applied to the young floral buds.”
t0“ga1-1, of Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied GA normalized plant height.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- applied GAe0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- normalizee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the applied GA acts to normalize not only plant height but also development of floral organs, thereby yielding good seed set from self-pollination.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied GA normalized floral-organ development.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- applied GAe0
- Outcome
- development of floral organse0
- Direction
- normalizee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the applied GA acts to normalize not only plant height but also development of floral organs, thereby yielding good seed set from self-pollination.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied GA yielded good seed set from self-pollination.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- applied GAe0
- Outcome
- good seed set from self-pollinatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the applied GA acts to normalize not only plant height but also development of floral organs, thereby yielding good seed set from self-pollination.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
GA structures differed in their efficacy at normalizing floral organs.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- efficacy of different GA structures in normalizing the various floral organse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were appreciable differences in the efficacy of different GA structures in normalizing the various floral organs.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
For seed production, efficacy ranked 2,2-dimethyl GA 4 above GA 7, followed by GA 3 and GA 4, GA 1, then GA 5 and GA 9.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- order of efficacye0
- Qualifier
- 2,2-dimethyl GA 4 > GA 7 > GA 3 = GA 4 > GA 1 > GA 5 = GA 9e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For seed production, the order of efficacy was 2,2-dimethyl GA 4 > GA 7 > GA 3 = GA 4 > GA 1 > GA 5 = GA 9 .”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimal 2,2-dimethyl GA 4 dose for filament elongation and pollen development was 1-10 ng.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- filament elongation and pollen developmente0
- Value
- 1-10 nge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“filament elongation and pollen development, 1-10 ng; petal and pistil growth, 1 ng; sepal growth, 0.1 ng; papilla elongation, 0.01 ng.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimal dose for petal and pistil growth was 1 ng.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- petal and pistil growthe0
- Value
- 1 nge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“filament elongation and pollen development, 1-10 ng; petal and pistil growth, 1 ng; sepal growth, 0.1 ng; papilla elongation, 0.01 ng.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimal dose for sepal growth was 0.1 ng.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- sepal growthe0
- Value
- 0.1 nge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“filament elongation and pollen development, 1-10 ng; petal and pistil growth, 1 ng; sepal growth, 0.1 ng; papilla elongation, 0.01 ng.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimal dose for papilla elongation was 0.01 ng.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- papilla elongatione0
- Value
- 0.01 nge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“filament elongation and pollen development, 1-10 ng; petal and pistil growth, 1 ng; sepal growth, 0.1 ng; papilla elongation, 0.01 ng.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
A single optimal-dose application did not normalize flowers formed sequentially.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- one application at these dosese0
- Outcome
- normalize the flowerse0
- Direction
- insufficiente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“one application at these doses was insufficient to normalize the flowers, which were formed one after another, and a continuing supply of GA at the optimal dose was required for normal flower development and seed set.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuing GA at the optimal dose was needed for normal flower development and seed set.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- a continuing supply of GA at the optimal dosee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a continuing supply of GA at the optimal dose was required for normal flower development and seed set.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
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- negative
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.