Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Seed yield and dormancy status are key components of species fitness that are influenced by the maternal environment, in particular temperature. Responses to environmental conditions can differ between ecotypes of the same species. Therefore, to investigate the effect of maternal environment on seed production, this study compared two contrasting Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes, Cape Verdi Isle (Cvi) and Burren (Bur). Cvi is adapted to a hot dry climate and Bur to a cool damp climate, and they exhibit winter and summer annual phenotypes, respectively. METHODS: Bur and Cvi plants were grown in reciprocal controlled environments that simulated their native environments. Reproductive development, seed production and subsequent germination behaviour were investigated. Measurements included: pollen viability, the development of floral structure, and germination at 10 and 25 °C in the light to determine dormancy status. Floral development was further investigated by applying gibberellins (GAs) to alter the pistil:stamen ratio. KEY RESULTS: Temperature during seed development determined seed dormancy status. In addition, seed yield was greatly reduced by higher temperature, especially in Bur (>90 %) compared with Cvi (approx. 50 %). The reproductive organs (i.e. stamens) of Bur plants were very sensitive to high temperature during early flowering. Viability of pollen was unaffected, but limited filament extension relative to that of the pistils resulted in failure to pollinate. Thus GA applied to flowers to enhance filament extension largely overcame the effect of high temperature on yield. CONCLUSIONS: High temperature in the maternal environment reduced dormancy and negatively affected the final seed yield of both ecotypes; however, the extent of these responses differed, demonstrating natural variation. Reduced seed yield in Bur resulted from altered floral development not reduced pollen viability. Future higher temperatures will impact on seed performance, but the consequences may differ significantly between ecotypes of the same species.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature during seed development determined seed dormancy status.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianat0 - Treatment
- Temperature during seed developmente0
- Outcome
- seed dormancy statuse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Temperature during seed development determined seed dormancy status”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher temperature reduced Bur seed yield by more than 90%.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- Bure0
- Treatment
- higher temperaturee0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- >90 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed yield was greatly reduced by higher temperature, especially in Bur (>90 %) compared with Cvi (approx. 50 %)”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher temperature reduced Cvi seed yield by about 50%.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- Cvie0
- Treatment
- higher temperaturee0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- approx. 50 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed yield was greatly reduced by higher temperature, especially in Bur (>90 %) compared with Cvi (approx. 50 %)”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Bur stamens were sensitive to high temperature during early flowering.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- Bure0
- Organ / stage
- stamense0
- Outcome
- very sensitive to high temperaturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stamens) of Bur plants were very sensitive to high temperature during early flowering”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Pollen viability was unaffected by high temperature.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- high temperaturee1
- Outcome
- Viability of pollene0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Viability of pollen was unaffected”
e1“high temperature during early flowering”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Limited filament extension relative to pistils prevented pollination in Bur.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- Bure1
- Organ / stage
- filamente0
- Outcome
- failure to pollinatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“limited filament extension relative to that of the pistils resulted in failure to pollinate”
e1“Bur plants”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
GA application to flowers largely overcame the high-temperature yield effect.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- GA applied to flowerse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- overcamee0
- Comparator
- high temperaturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA applied to flowers to enhance filament extension largely overcame the effect of high temperature on yield”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
High maternal temperature reduced seed dormancy in both ecotypes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- High temperature in the maternal environmente0
- Outcome
- dormancye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- both ecotypese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High temperature in the maternal environment reduced dormancy and negatively affected the final seed yield of both ecotypes”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
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