Abstract
BACKGROUND: Soybean red crown rot is a major soil-borne disease all over the world, which severely affects soybean production. Efficient and sustainable methods are strongly desired to control the soil-borne diseases. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We firstly investigated the disease incidence and index of soybean red crown rot under different phosphorus (P) additions in field and found that the natural inoculation of rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could affect soybean red crown rot, particularly without P addition. Further studies in sand culture experiments showed that inoculation with rhizobia or AMF significantly decreased severity and incidence of soybean red crown rot, especially for co-inoculation with rhizobia and AMF at low P. The root colony forming unit (CFU) decreased over 50% when inoculated by rhizobia and/or AMF at low P. However, P addition only enhanced CFU when inoculated with AMF. Furthermore, root exudates of soybean inoculated with rhizobia and/or AMF significantly inhibited pathogen growth and reproduction. Quantitative RT-PCR results indicated that the transcripts of the most tested pathogen defense-related (PR) genes in roots were significantly increased by rhizobium and/or AMF inoculation. Among them, PR2, PR3, PR4 and PR10 reached the highest level with co-inoculation of rhizobium and AMF. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated that inoculation with rhizobia and AMF could directly inhibit pathogen growth and reproduction, and activate the plant overall defense system through increasing PR gene expressions. Combined with optimal P fertilization, inoculation with rhizobia and AMF could be considered as an efficient method to control soybean red crown rot in acid soils.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Natural rhizobial and AMF inoculation affected soybean red crown rot, especially without phosphorus addition.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Interactor
- rhizobiae0symbiont
- Second interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e0symbiont
- Outcome
- soybean red crown rote0
- Qualifier
- particularly without P additione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“natural inoculation of rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could affect soybean red crown rot, particularly without P addition”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobial inoculation significantly reduced soybean red crown rot severity and incidence in sand culture.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- inoculation with rhizobiae0
- Interactor
- rhizobiae0symbiont
- Outcome
- severity and incidence of soybean red crown rote0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation with rhizobia or AMF significantly decreased severity and incidence of soybean red crown rot”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation significantly reduced soybean red crown rot severity and incidence in sand culture.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- severity and incidence of soybean red crown rote0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation with rhizobia or AMF significantly decreased severity and incidence of soybean red crown rot”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation with rhizobia and AMF especially reduced soybean red crown rot at low phosphorus.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-inoculation with rhizobia and AMFe0
- Interactor
- rhizobiae0symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Red Crown Rott0
- Qualifier
- low Pe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“especially for co-inoculation with rhizobia and AMF at low P”
t0“Soybean Red Crown Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobial inoculation reduced soybean root colony-forming units by more than 50% at low phosphorus.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- inoculated by rhizobiae0
- Interactor
- rhizobiae0symbiont
- Outcome
- root colony forming unit (CFU)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- over 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root colony forming unit (CFU) decreased over 50% when inoculated by rhizobia and/or AMF at low P”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation reduced soybean root colony-forming units by more than 50% at low phosphorus.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- root colony forming unit (CFU)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- over 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root colony forming unit (CFU) decreased over 50% when inoculated by rhizobia and/or AMF at low P”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus addition enhanced root colony-forming units only under AMF inoculation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- P additione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- CFUe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P addition only enhanced CFU when inoculated with AMF”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Root exudates from rhizobia-inoculated soybean significantly inhibited pathogen growth and reproduction.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- inoculated with rhizobiae0
- Interactor
- rhizobiae0symbiont
- Outcome
- pathogen growth and reproductione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root exudates of soybean inoculated with rhizobia and/or AMF significantly inhibited pathogen growth and reproduction”
Claim · model-written summary
Root exudates from AMF-inoculated soybean significantly inhibited pathogen growth and reproduction.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- pathogen growth and reproductione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root exudates of soybean inoculated with rhizobia and/or AMF significantly inhibited pathogen growth and reproduction”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobial inoculation significantly increased most tested defense-related gene transcripts in soybean roots.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- rhizobiume0
- Gene
- pathogen defense-related (PR) genese0
- Outcome
- transcripts of the most tested pathogen defense-related (PR) genese0
- Direction
- increasede0
RhizobiumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transcripts of the most tested pathogen defense-related (PR) genes in roots were significantly increased by rhizobium and/or AMF inoculation”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation significantly increased most tested defense-related gene transcripts in soybean roots.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Gene
- pathogen defense-related (PR) genese0
- Outcome
- transcripts of the most tested pathogen defense-related (PR) genese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transcripts of the most tested pathogen defense-related (PR) genes in roots were significantly increased by rhizobium and/or AMF inoculation”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
PR2, PR3 and PR4 transcripts reached their highest levels with rhizobial and AMF co-inoculation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-inoculation of rhizobium and AMFe0
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- PR2, PR3, PR4e0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PR2, PR3, PR4 and PR10 reached the highest level with co-inoculation of rhizobium and AMF”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
PR10 transcript reached its highest level with rhizobial and AMF co-inoculation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-inoculation of rhizobium and AMFe0
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- PR10e0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PR2, PR3, PR4 and PR10 reached the highest level with co-inoculation of rhizobium and AMF”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret rhizobial and AMF inoculation as directly inhibiting pathogen growth and reproduction.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- inoculation with rhizobia and AMFe0
- Interactor
- rhizobiae0symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- pathogen growth and reproductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation with rhizobia and AMF could directly inhibit pathogen growth and reproduction”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret rhizobial and AMF inoculation as activating soybean defense through increased PR gene expression.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Gene
- PR genee0
- Outcome
- plant overall defense systeme0
- Qualifier
- through increasing PR gene expressionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“activate the plant overall defense system through increasing PR gene expressions”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend rhizobia and AMF inoculation with optimal phosphorus fertilization for soybean red crown rot control in acid soils.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- inoculation with rhizobia and AMFe0
- Qualifier
- Combined with optimal P fertilizatione0
- Setting
- acid soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined with optimal P fertilization, inoculation with rhizobia and AMF could be considered as an efficient method to control soybean red crown rot in acid soils”
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