Abstract
The experiment was performed to study the effects of pH, calcium concentrations and sources of nitrogen on the growth and inorganic compositions of natsudaidai (Citrus natsudaidai HAYATA) seedlings in solution culture under glass. Nitrogen was supplied with NaNO3 or NH4NO3 in the concentration of 112ppm, pH of solution was adjusted at 4, 5.5 and 7, and calcium concentrations supplied were low, medium and high, totalling 18 combination treatments.The appearance of leaves of the seedlings at pH 5.5 in NaNO3 series was normal, however, it was rather dark green in NH4NO3 series. At pH 4, leaves became somewhat dull green, and at pH 7 they tended to become chlorotic in both forms of nitrogen. Chlorosis was more remarkable in NaNO3 series. Roots were white in pH 5.5, however, at pH 4 or pH 7 they turned light brown in NaNO3 series. The elongation of roots at pH 4 was inferior to those at other pHs, and tips of laterals became stubby. In NH4NO3 series, roots generally became brown, and their elongation was less than that in NaNO3 series. At pH 4, tips of laterals became stubby, and in advanced stage the cortex disintegrated and sloughed off. These symptoms were more remarkable in the treatment supplied with low Ca.In general, seedlings supplied with NaNO3 made better growth than those supplied with NH4NO3. In both forms of nitrogen, growth of seedlings was the minimum at pH 4. In NaNO3 series, growth of seedlings was the maximum at pH 5.5, and intermediate at pH 7. However, there was no clear difference of growth between pH 5.5 and pH 7 in NH4NO3 series except Ca low treatment. As for calcium concentration, seedlings supplied with medium Ca showed better growth at every pH in NaNO3 series. On the other hand, no consistent difference of growth due to calcium concentration was observed in NH4NO3 series.NaNO3 plants had generally higher concentrations of K and Ca, and lower concentrations of N, P, and Mg as compared with NH4NO3 plants in their leaves. While, in their roots, NaNO3 plants showed higher concentrations of P, Ca, and Mg, and lower concentrations of K than those of NH4NO3 plants. With the rise of pH level in the solution, concentrations of N, Ca, and Mg increased and K decreased in the leaves irrespective of nitrogen forms. In their roots also, concentrations of Ca, Mg, and P increased, and K decreased with the rise of pH. When Ca level in the solution was raised, only Ca concentration in the seedlings increased.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
At pH 5.5 leaves were normal with NaNO3 but dark green with NH4NO3.
CitrusNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The appearance of leaves of the seedlings at pH 5.5 in NaNO3 series was normal, however, it was rather dark green in NH4NO3 series”
t0“citrus seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaves became dull green at pH 4.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At pH 4, leaves became somewhat dull green”
t0“citrus seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaves tended to become chlorotic at pH 7, more so under NaNO3.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at pH 7 they tended to become chlorotic in both forms of nitrogen. Chlorosis was more remarkable in NaNO3 series”
t0“citrus seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Roots were white at pH 5.5 and light brown at pH 4 or 7 under NaNO3.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Roots were white in pH 5.5, however, at pH 4 or pH 7 they turned light brown in NaNO3 series”
t0“citrus seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Root elongation was inferior at pH 4, with stubby lateral tips.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The elongation of roots at pH 4 was inferior to those at other pHs, and tips of laterals became stubby”
t0“citrus seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
NH4NO3 produced browner roots and less elongation than NaNO3.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In NH4NO3 series, roots generally became brown, and their elongation was less than that in NaNO3 series”
t0“citrus seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
At pH 4 lateral tips became stubby and cortex later disintegrated and sloughed off.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At pH 4, tips of laterals became stubby, and in advanced stage the cortex disintegrated and sloughed off”
t0“citrus seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Low calcium made these root symptoms more remarkable.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These symptoms were more remarkable in the treatment supplied with low Ca”
t0“citrus seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
NaNO3 generally gave better seedling growth than NH4NO3.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seedlings supplied with NaNO3 made better growth than those supplied with NH4NO3”
t0“citrus seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth was minimal at pH 4 for both nitrogen sources.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both forms of nitrogen, growth of seedlings was the minimum at pH 4”
t0“citrus seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
With NaNO3, growth was maximal at pH 5.5 and intermediate at pH 7.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In NaNO3 series, growth of seedlings was the maximum at pH 5.5, and intermediate at pH 7”
t0“citrus seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
With NH4NO3, growth showed no clear difference between pH 5.5 and 7 except under low calcium.
- Treatment
- pH 5.5e0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- no clear differencee0
- Qualifier
- except Ca low treatmente0
- Comparator
- pH 7e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no clear difference of growth between pH 5.5 and pH 7 in NH4NO3 series except Ca low treatment”
t0“citrus seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium calcium improved growth at every pH under NaNO3.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seedlings supplied with medium Ca showed better growth at every pH in NaNO3 series”
t0“citrus seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium concentration showed no consistent growth difference under NH4NO3.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no consistent difference of growth due to calcium concentration was observed in NH4NO3 series”
t0“citrus seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
NaNO3 raised leaf K and Ca and lowered leaf N, P and Mg relative to NH4NO3.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- NaNO3e0
- Outcome
- concentrations of K and Cae0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- NH4NO3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaNO3 plants had generally higher concentrations of K and Ca, and lower concentrations of N, P, and Mg as compared with NH4NO3 plants in their leaves”
t0“citrus seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
NaNO3 raised root P, Ca and Mg relative to NH4NO3.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaNO3 plants showed higher concentrations of P, Ca, and Mg, and lower concentrations of K than those of NH4NO3 plants”
t0“citrus seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing pH raised leaf N, Ca and Mg while lowering leaf K.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- rise of pH levele0
- Outcome
- concentrations of N, Ca, and Mge0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the rise of pH level in the solution, concentrations of N, Ca, and Mg increased and K decreased in the leaves”
t0“citrus seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing pH raised root Ca, Mg and P while lowering root K.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“concentrations of Ca, Mg, and P increased, and K decreased with the rise of pH”
t0“citrus seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing solution calcium raised only seedling calcium concentration.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When Ca level in the solution was raised, only Ca concentration in the seedlings increased”
t0“citrus seedlings”
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